Name: __________________________ Period: ____ Summarizing Questions Handout 1. What is a daughter cell? 2. Why is cell division simpler in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes? 3. What is the major function of cell division and mitosis? 4. What is a chromosome? Of what are chromosomes made? 5. Match each term below with the appropriate number on the diagram. ___a. cytokinesis ___ b. metaphase ___ c. interphase ___ d. prophase ___ e. telophase ___ f. anaphase 6. a. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? b. What is the shortest stage of the cell cycle? 7. What is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis? 8. What is the first clue that mitosis has begun? 9. What happens to the amount of DNA in the nucleus just before the beginning of mitosis? 10. Why are chromosomes called “doubled chromosomes” just before mitosis begins?

Agenda: Cellular Reproduction Life Science S7L2. Students will describe the structure and function of cells, tissues and organ systems. A. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials. Agenda: Cellular Reproduction Learning Target: I know why and how cells reproduce, because . . . Success Criteria: I can provide examples of each type of reproduction in the natural world. Warm- up: With your table partners, brainstorm 2-3 reasons why cells need to reproduce. What would happen if cells could not reproduce?

Why do cells need to reproduce? growth replacement of damaged cells to make offspring

Cells need to reproduce for growth to occur.

Cells need to reproduce for replacement of damaged or worn out cells.

Cells need to reproduce for to make offspring.

Cell Reproduction

Growth and Cell Reproduction The process of one cell dividing into two daughter cells is called cell division. As you learned earlier, prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus. Their DNA (genetic material) is found bunched up in the cytoplasm. Because of this, their cell division is simpler than the division of eukaryotic cells. Most bacteria reproduce by splitting into, which is called binary fission. Each daughter cell contains one copy of the DNA from the original cell.

Binary Fission in Prokaryotes

Video Clip on Binary Fission http://www.britannica.com/science/binary-fission

Growth and Cell Reproduction Eukaryotic cells are usually larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found in the nucleus. That DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. Most of the cells in your body reproduce by dividing this way.

Genetic Material & Cellular Reproduction Let’s examine the genetic material in eukaryotic organisms needed for cells to reproduce & where it comes from.

Genetic Material

Nucleus DNA Base pairs Genetic Material

DNA - Genetic Material ~stop @ 2 minutes Brain Pop https://www.brainpop.com/health/geneticsgrowthanddevelopment/dna/ ~stop @ 2 minutes

Chromosomes A chromosome is a structure made of DNA in cells with a nucleus. Individual chromosomes are not clearly visible under a microscope until just before a cell divides. Visible

Chromosomes Chromosomes organize the DNA. Not all organisms have the same amount. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes, but chickens have 78.

Chromosomes Not necessarily. A house fly has 12 chromosomes and a tomato plant has 24. Does having more chromosomes mean the organism is more complex? Not necessarily.

Cells must divide to reproduce! Cell Reproduction Damaged cells Growth Cells must divide to reproduce!

Mitosis Brain Pop https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/mitosis/

The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is the period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next. It consists of three stages: interphase mitosis cytokinesis Which part of the cell cycle takes the longest?

The Cell Cycle Interphase is the stage that occurs in between cell divisions. During interphase the cell grows and develops and performs its functions. What stage follows interphase?

The Cell Cycle 1) Interphase What stage follows mitosis?

The Cell Cycle Mitosis is the process in cell division where the nucleus divides into two nuclei, each with an identical set of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into four phases: prophase metaphase anaphase telophase.

The Cell Cycle Spindle fibers form. Chromatids are visible. 2 A) Mitosis: Prophase

The Cell Cycle 2 B) Mitosis: Metaphase

The Cell Cycle 2 A) Mitosis: Anaphase

The Cell Cycle 2 A) Mitosis: Telophase

The Cell Cycle The shortest stage of the cell cycle is called cytokinesis. In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm and its organelles divide into two daughter cells.

The Cell Cycle 3) Cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle Cytokinesis in plant cells is different, because a cell plate forms. What stage do you think follows cytokinesis?

The Cell Cycle 1) Interphase

Cell Cycle How much time is spent in different stages of the cell cycle?

Observing the Cell Cycle With a microscope and specially prepared slides, we can observe the cell cycle and identify each part. Can you see what stage and phase this cell shows? Anaphase

Can you identify each step in the cycle? Word Bank: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Can you identify each step in the cycle?

Summarizing Questions 1. What is a daughter cell? 2. Why is cell division simpler in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes? 3. What is the major function of cell division and mitosis? 4. What is a chromosome? Of what are chromosomes made? 5. Match each term below with the appropriate number on the diagram. a. cytokinesis b. metaphase c. interphase d. prophase e. telophase f. anaphase

Summarizing Questions 6. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? What is the shortest stage of the cell cycle? 7. What is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis? 8. What is the first clue that mitosis has begun? 9. What happens to the amount of DNA in the nucleus just before the beginning of mitosis? 10. Why are chromosomes called “doubled chromosomes” just before mitosis begins?

What effects does mitosis cause? Hypothesize what would happen if cells could not complete mitosis or if it was done incorrectly.

Closing: 1. Why do cells reproduce? 2. What are the of the two types of reproduction called that we discussed, today? 3. Provide examples of the two types of reproduction in the natural world.

Mitosis Game https://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/chm05_pg71_celldiv/chm05_pg71_celldiv.html http://www.rigb.org/education/games/human-body/the-cell-cycle