G r o u p I n f l u e n c e Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display Purestock/Superstock

What Is a Group? Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Facilitation: How Are We Affected by the Presence of Others? The Mere Presence of Others Social facilitation Strengthening of dominant responses whether correct or incorrect in the presence of others Boosts performance on easy tasks Impairs performance on difficult tasks Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Facilitation: How Are We Affected by the Presence of Others? Crowding: The Presence of Many Others Effect of others’ presence increases with their number Being in a crowd intensifies positive or negative reactions Enhances arousal Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Facilitation: How Are We Affected by the Presence of Others? Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others? Evaluation apprehension Concern for how others are evaluating us Driven by distraction When we wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting, we become distracted Mere presence Can be arousing even when we are not evaluated or distracted Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Loafing: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group? Social Loafing Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Loafing: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group? Many Hands Make Light Work Effort decreases as group size increases Free riders People who benefit from the group but give little in return Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Social Loafing: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group? Social Loafing in Everyday Life People in groups loaf less when the task is Challenging Appealing Rewards are significant Involving Team spirit Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? Deindividuation Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone Group size Larger the group the more its members lose self-awareness and become willing to commit atrocities People’s attention is focused on the situation, not on themselves “Everyone’s doing it” attitude They contribute their behavior to the situation rather than to their own choices Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone Anonymity Being anonymous makes one less self- conscious, more group- conscious, and more responsive to cues present in the situation, whether negative or positive Children were more likely to transgress by taking extra Halloween candy when in a group, when anonymous, and, especially, when deindividuated by the combination of group immersion and anonymity. Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone Arousing and distracting activities When we act in an impulsive way as a group, we are not thinking about our values; we are reacting to the immediate situation Impulsive group action absorbs our attention Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? Diminished Self-Awareness Tend to increase people’s responsiveness to the immediate situation, be it negative or positive Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? Group Polarization Group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? “Risky Shift” Phenomenon Occurs not only when a group decides by consensus; after a brief discussion, individuals, too, will alter their decisions Juries Business committees Military organizations Teen drivers Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? Do Groups Intensify Opinions? Group polarization experiments Moscovici and Zavalloni (1969) Mititoshi Isozaki (1984) Markus Brauer, et al. (2001) Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? Do Groups Intensify Opinions? Group polarization in everyday life Schools Accentuation effect Communities Self-segregation Internet Terrorists organizations September 11, 2001 Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? Explaining Polarization Informational influence Arguments Active participation Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? Explaining Polarization Normative influence Social comparison Evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others Pluralistic ignorance A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action Caused by Cohesive group Isolation of the group from dissenting viewpoints Directive leader Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Symptoms of Groupthink Following lead group members to overestimate their group’s might and right Illusion of invulnerability Unquestioned belief in the group’s morality Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Symptoms of Groupthink Following leads group members to become closed- minded Rationalization Stereotyped view of opponent Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Symptoms of Groupthink Following leads group to feel pressure toward uniformity Conformity pressure Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Mindguards Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Critiquing Groupthink Directive leadership is associated with poorer decisions Groups do prefer supporting over challenging information Groups make smart decisions by widely distributed conversation with members who take turns speaking Group with diverse perspectives outperform groups of like minded experts. Group success depends both on what group members know and how effectively they can share that information. Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Preventing Groupthink Be impartial Encourage critical evaluation Occasionally subdivide the group, then reunite to air differences Welcome critiques from outside experts and associates Call a second-chance meeting to air lingering doubts Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions? Group Problem Solving Combine group and solitary brainstorming Have group members interact by writing Incorporate electronic brainstorming Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Influence of the Minority: How Do Individuals Influence the Group? Consistency Minority slowness effect Self-Confidence Portrayed by consistency and persistence Defections from the Majority Minority person who defects from the majority is more persuasive than a consistent minority voice Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Influence of the Minority: How Do Individuals Influence the Group? Is Leadership Minority Influence? Leadership Process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group Formal and informal group leaders exert disproportionate influence Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Influence of the Minority: How Do Individuals Influence the Group? Is Leadership Minority Influence? Task leadership Organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals Social leadership Builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support Transformational leadership Enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.