Water Footprint & Beneficial Reuse Economic / Environmental / Social Responsibility Dr. Rengarajan Ramesh Wasserstein & Co Data for this entire presentation obtained from the publications and papers of Dr. Hoekstra and Dr. Pollack

Wasserstein & Co. is an independent private equity and investment firm, with offices in New York and Los Angeles. The firm was founded in January 2001 and focuses on middle-market leveraged buyout investments and related investment activities. Investment Criteria Transaction: Leveraged buyouts Company Size: ~$10MM+ EBITDA Industries of Focus: Media and communications, consumer products and water equipment and services Company characteristics: Strong cash flow profile, growth opportunities and experienced management team Largest independent B2B media company in US covering 17 industries Premier producer and marketer of branded premium fresh fruit and gourmet foods Manufacturer of missions critical valves, fittings, tubing and accessories for high pressure applications Current Portfolio CompaniesHistorical Investments

North American Leading Ag Publisher

What we know about Water Critical for Sustaining Life, Plants and this Planet Limited Supply of Water – 97% in Oceans, 2% in remote areas and < 1% Fresh water available on this planet. Fresh water supply is not where it is needed. Global Population increase and meat consumption has increased the per capital water consumption globally Industrial, Agricultural and Human consumption has polluted the fresh water supply around the world.

What we know about Water Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless Three phases – Solid ( Ice), Liquid ( Water) and Gas ( Steam)

Things we do not clearly understand about Water Jello > 95% Water These hold the clue to better understand Water

What is Virtual Water and Water Footprint ?

Topics to be Covered Water Footprint ?. - Understand the overall water footprint for feeding the growing population Reduce Water Footprint from “FARM to FORK” Recover and Reuse water along the value chain Increase Safety, Security, and Shelf Life of products Sustainable Water Management to Enhance Long Term productive Agriculture in USA

Two Focus Areas Reduce & Reuse 1. Virtual Water Footprint and its implications for long term water sustainability 2. Technology Innovations for safe & sustainable reuse of water attachment quorum sensing swimming

Some Key Facts on Virtual Water IT IS THE TOTAL AREA OF USA & CANADA AND BUILDING A 30 MILE WALL AROUND THIS TO HOLD THE WATER

How much water did it take to serve the lunch today ?. ItemsEst. Weight Est. Calories Est. Water Footprint Green Salad 6 oz Liters Ranch or Italian Dressing1 oz 100 – 300 Liters Roll with Butter1 pc each (butter) Chicken Component8 oz liters Spinach Component6 oz liters Pasta Primavera12 oz liters Dessert4 oz Iced Tea8 oz 20 liters Total2100 – 3500 liters / meal

Water Footprint Liters /Kilo of Produce

Water Footprint Vegetarian vs Meat Diet

POPULATION GROWTH IMPACT ON WATER, FOOD & AGRICULTURE

Population Growth Trends to 2080

Virtual Water Exports

Water Withdrawals Increasing....

American Annual Per Capita Water Withdrawals NOT Sustainable

Water Challenges in the USA USA will maintain its global agricultural production and export leadership in the future exporting “Virtual Water” USA blue water resources are slowly getting depleted – Aquifers levels are dropping USA industrial water consumption will continue to grow USA population growth especially in Western, Southern USA, continues to challenge the already stressed water resources USA per capita consumption of water is the highest in the world and continues to grow. Population growth will further aggravate the situation unless some changes are implemented.

Innovations lead to Sustainable Solutions

Emerging Innovations in Water Reuse Mono Molecular Graphene Membranes – Lower energy filtration and desalination technologies – Lockheed Martin Patent issued Capturing energy from flowing water in processing plants (Process water, waste water, and influent water) Water Jet cutting and cleaning in poultry and meat processing Waste heat used to purify waste water Cavitation technologies for treating water Pulsed Electric Fields for disinfection Anammox for bio treatment to reduce energy consumption Finally ….... Leverage the 4 th Phase of Water. Quorum Sensing – Real time Bacteria monitoring and prevention of colonization of bacteria

Ice – Water – Steam - ??? Is there a 4 th Phase of Water ?

What is happening to the Water in the Exclusion Zone ? Unique Properties of the Liquid Crystal ' EZ “ Water Unique Properies of Water in the Exclusion Zone Water is “-” Charged Water has NO “solutes”. Water has crystal like structure Properties of the bulk water Water is “+” charged Water has solutes Water has constantly changing structure

Leveraging the Exclusion Zone

What is Quorum Sensing ?.

Quorum Sensing Bacteria use quorum sensing to mastermind behaviors, including Mating Releasing toxins Causing disease (virulence)

How Harmful Bacteria use Quorum Sensing These changes culminate in an infection that can ambush and overwhelm our immune system defenses. The bacteria appear relatively innocuous as they quietly grow in number. When their population reaches a certain level, instant changes occur in their Behavior Appearance Metabolism

Reduce & Reuse I mplement water reduction practices all along the value chain  Drip, Irrigation tiling, treatment and reuse Decentralized treatment and onsite reuse of process water and waste water  Treat and reuse water used in cleaning produce Implement innovative technologies that help reduce the water, energy, waste, and environmental footprint  Reduce energy in pumping, thermal energy used in processing, sterilization, packaging etc. Enhance food safety / security all along the value chain  High pressure pasteurization