UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming1 Introduction to C – Part 1

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming2 General Information Contributes 4 units: 2 hours - lectures 2 hours – lab and tutorial Main Objective: Students can independently write a computer program to solve calculation problems, especially those related to engineering

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming3 Overall Evaluation 4 main components: 4 Assignments (20%) Final exam (40%), Test 1 (10%) & Test 2 (10%) Individual Lab Test (20%) Assignments are individual “take home” + lab Two test is written test

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming4 References “C How To Program 4 th edition”, Deitel and Deitel, Pearson-Prentice Hall,2004 “C Programming for Engineering & Computer Science ”, H.H.Tan and T.B.Orazio, Mc Graw Hill, Any other C programming books

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming5 Notes This course is NOT about the language per se, it’s about problem solving / analytical skills & to apply C to solve problems. Write C program in Linux environment Do early reading Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming6 Outline Computer fundamentals Computer organization and hardware Computer software Programming languages Machine language Assembly language High-level language Algorithm : pseudocode and flowchart Control structures Simple C program

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming7 Computer Fundamentals Computer system are divided into hardware and software. Hardware refers to physical components of computers which are: Main memory Central Processing Unit(CPU) Input Device Output Device Secondary memory device

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming8 Computer Hardware Input Device Output Device Secondary Memory Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Register CPU Main Memory

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming9 Central Processing Unit(CPU) CPU is the computer’s administrator and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other section Consists of two functional units: a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit(ALU) Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system ALU perform basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming10 Main Memory keeps information from the input unit also keeps processed information until it can be placed on output devices all programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming11 Main Memory Main memory can be further classified into two types: Random Access Memory (RAM) information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off. Read Only Memory (ROM) they have been set during the manufacturing process. ROM usually contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming12 Secondary Memory Main memory is only used during processing following certain instructions Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory E.g. program file, data fail etc E.g hard disk, diskette, CD

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming13 Input/Output Device Input device - feeds data and programs into computers E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen, scanners Output device - display results produced by computer E.g. monitor, printer, speaker

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming14 Software As a complement to hardware, computer system needs software to solve problems. Software are classified into : System software Application software

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming15 Software System software : manage the computer and its peripheral devices (hardware) E.g. Operating systems(OS) Text editor Preprocessor Language translator Linker Loader

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming16 Software Application software : performs specific tasks There are two types: Program to solve specific problems Program written by user to solve specified problem E.g word processor, desktop publishing software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, program perform a specific task such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education etc

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming17 Programming Languages Programming language is divided into three categories: Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming18 Machine Language Language understood by the computer Bunch of 0’s and 1’s Program written in machine language can be executed without being translated Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is written in 0’s and 1’s Program is too long to solve simple problem Machine-dependant and not portable E.g

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming19 Assembly Language Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resembles English language to represent computer operation element Easier to understand and written E.g LOAD rate MULThour STORwages

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming20 Assembly Language Nevertheless, need language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose still too long and not portable

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming21 High-Level Language Improve weaknesses in Machine Language and Assembly Language portable Written in one instruction to carry out several instruction in machine level E.g. discount_price = price – discount; Must be changed to machine code before executed, need compiler : a system software that translate source program to object program

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming22 Algorithms The solution to any computing problem involves executing a series of actions in a specific order Pseudocode : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms E.g. if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50 Print “Pass” else Print “Fail”

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming23 Algorithms Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm E.g. Process 2 Decision Data Process 1 Begin End

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming24 Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchart Start/ End Process Input/Output Decision Flow direction Connector

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming25 Flowchart-(E.g) Start read num1, num2 sum=num1+num2 print sum End

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming26 Control Structure All programs could be written in terms of three control structures: Sequence structure Selection structure Repetition structure

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming27 Sequence structure Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default Read num1,num2 Calculate total=num1+num2 Print total PseudocodeFlowchart Read num1,num2 total = num1+num2 print total

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming28 Selection structure Used to choose among alternative courses of action C has three types: if, if.. else, and switch

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming29 The if selection structure if structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure true false grade >= 60 print “Passed” If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed”

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming30 The if..else selection structure Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false truefalse print “Failed”print “Passed” grade >= 60 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed” else Print “Failed”

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming31 Repetition structure Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied Three types : while, for, do-while

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming32 The while repetition structure Programmer specifies an action is to be repeated while some conditions remains true product <= 1000 product = 2 * product true false While product is less than or equal 1000 calculate product=2 * product

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming33 Simple C Program //This program will calculate number of RM 50, RM 20, RM 10, RM 5 and RM 1 notes //for a given value entered by user. #include int main(void) { int value, balance; int note50, note20, note10, note5, note1; printf("Enter value in RM : "); scanf("%d",&value); note50 = value / 50; balance = value % 50; note20 = balance /20; balance = balance % 20; note10 = balance / 10; balance = balance % 10; note5 = balance / 5; note1 = balance % 5; printf("Number of RM 50 notes : %d\n", note50); printf("Number of RM 20 notes : %d\n", note20); printf("Number of RM 10 notes : %d\n", note10); printf("Number of RM 5 notes :%d\n", note5); printf("Number of RM 1 notes :%d\n", note1); return 0; }

UniMAP Sem2-10/11 DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming34 End Introduction to C – Part 1 Q & A!