Chapter 12 Remember! Chargaff’s rules The relative amounts of adenine and thymine are the same in DNA The relative amounts of cytosine and guanine are.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 12 Genetic facts in 1900: Both female and male organisms have identical chromosomes except for one pair. Genes are located on chromosomes All.

Advertisements

DNA Replication and RNA Production Selent. Replication The process of copying DNA The two chains of nucleotides separate by unwinding and act as templates.

DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid. DNA! Makes up chromosomes Contains genes: chunks of DNA that code for certain traits.

RNA = RiboNucleic Acid Synthesis: to build

Unit 6 DNA. Griffith Experiment DNA Structure DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made of: – A phosphate group –

RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

Central Dogma Date: 4/1/2013 Pd: 1 By: Clesi Crochet, Lexi Gocken, Joelle Chowaiki, Tanguy Deriot, Rob Levine.

Do Now Why is it important to learn about DNA and how can DNA be used to help people? NUA Notebook Check Today.

Genetic Code & Mutations Exons and Introns EXONS EXONS A segment of DNA in eukaryotic organisms that codes for a specific amino acid A segment of DNA.

DNA => RNA => PROTEIN Central Dogma of Life. DNA Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid “Molecule of Life” Stays in the nucleus of eukaryotes Codes for RNA and ultimately.

  Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA.

DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHAPTERS 9 &10. Main Idea How are proteins made in our bodies?

Unit 4 Genetics Ch. 12 DNA & RNA.

Bellringer – Part 1 1. Define DNA 2. Define RNA 3. Define messengerRNA 4. Define Nucleotide 5. Define histone 6. Define DNA polymerase 7. Define Double-Helix.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RNA vs DNA RNADNA 1. 5 – Carbon sugar (ribose) 5 – Carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Phosphate group Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous.

DNA, RNA, & Proteins Vocab review Chapter 12. Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another.

RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review. Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid. Structure of RNA  Single stranded  Ribose Sugar  5 carbon sugar  Phosphate group  Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.

DNA and RNA Chapter 12. Types of Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid)

Chapter 12 DNA and RNA. Discovery of DNA How do genes work?  Several scientists from began investigating the chemical nature of genes.  DNA.

Chapter 12 Freshman Biology Semester Two. Discovery  Where does our inheritance come from? Thought to be either DNA or protein Several experiments were.

How Genes Work. Structure of DNA DNA is composed of subunits – nucleotides Three parts Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogen base – 2.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA & DNA Compare RNA & DNA Contrast RNA & DNA

RNA. What is RNA?  RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid  Made up of ribose  Nitrogenous bases  And a phosphate group  The code used for making proteins.

Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis RNA. What is RNA? RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – How is RNA physically different from DNA? 1. Single strand not a double.

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

CHAPTER 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis. Differences between DNA and RNA  Sugar = Deoxyribose  Double stranded  Bases  Cytosine  Guanine  Adenine 

Oswald Avery Canadian biologist ( ) Discovered DNA in 1944 with a team of scientists.

DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid – is the information code to make an organism and controls the activities of the cell. –Mitosis copies this code so that all.

Do you know what this is?. DNA Stands for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid It is a long molecule called a polymer Shape: double helix.

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis. What is DNA? DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid Function is to store and transmit hereditary information. In prokaryotes- located.

RNA & Protein Synthesis

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Page 300. A. Introduction 1. Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of.

RNA and Transcription. Genes Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell To decode the genetic message, you.

DNA and RNA Structure of DNA Chromosomes and Replication Transcription and Translation Mutation and Gene Regulation.

8.2 KEY CONCEPT DNA structure is the same in all organisms.

DNA & RNA Biology Chapter 12 & 13.

Notes: Transcription DNA vs. RNA

Unit 5: DNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA, RNA, and Proteins.

Chapter 13 REVIEW PPT.

Bellringer – Part 1 1. Define DNA 2. Define RNA 3. Define messengerRNA

Chapter 12 DNA and RNA.

Unit 8 – DNA Structure and Replication

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics.

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics.

In: What are INTRONS and EXONS again?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA and RNA Chapter 12.

BIOLOGY Vocabulary Chapter 12 & 13.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Ch 12 DNA and RNA.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

DNA, RNA, & Proteins Vocab review

Chapter 12 DNA and RNA.

CHAPTER 12 Review.

RNA, Protein Synthesis, Transcription, and Translation

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics.

DNA, RNA, & Proteins Vocab review

The Structure of DNA.

Unit 3: Genetics Part 1: Genetic Informaiton

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Presentation transcript:

Chapter 12

Remember! Chargaff’s rules The relative amounts of adenine and thymine are the same in DNA The relative amounts of cytosine and guanine are the same. Named after Erwin Chargaff

Review of the double-helix A twisted ladder with two long chains of alternating phosphates and sugars. The nitrogenous bases act as the “rungs” joining the two strands.

How long is the DNA molecule?

Male vs Female MALE Usually the Y chromosome. Y is usually smaller Male genotype = XY FEMALE Usually the X chromosome. Larger than the Y Female genotype XX Except Birds Male = XX Female = XY

Chromosome structure:

DNA replication Replication must occur before a cell divides. Each new cell needs a copy of the information in order to grow.

DNA replication. Why needed? Before DNA strand can be replicated or copied it must be “unzipped” DNA polymerase (enzyme that unzips) Starts at many different points. Why?

Completing the replication After the DNA molecule comes apart, bases of free nucleotides in the nucleus join their complimentary bases.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid It is a DISPOSABLE copy of DNA Its job? To make PROTEINS!!! Very similar to DNA w/ 3 Exceptions: 1) Ribose is the 5-carbon sugar 2) Uracil replaces thymine 3) Single-stranded

Types of RNA A. mRNA (messenger) Copies genetic code of DNA by matching bases. Occurs in the nucleus. Carries copies of information

TRANSCRIPTION The process of turning DNA into mRNA Requires the enzyme RNA polymerase. 1. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and unwinds it. 2. Separates the DNA strands 3. Uses one strand as a template to make mRNA Where does this take place? NUCLEUS!

Transcription continued:

Confusing genetic terms: Amino acids = building blocks of a polypetide Polypeptide = building blocks of a protein. Protein = a bunch of polypeptides

Reading the genetic code The genetic code is responsible for building all the proteins in the body using 20 different amino acids. Extra credit: How many 3 letter words can you make from the letters A,T,G and C? Answer: 64

Codons A three letter “word” that specifies an amino acid.

Genetic code:

tRNA (transfer) approx. 80 nucleotides in length. Cross-like shape At one end an amino acid is attached At the other end there is an anticodon Acts like a truck

Polypeptide assembly Translation = reading or “translating” the RNA code to form a chain of amino acids. Known as protein synthesis Occurs in the cytoplasm. (p.304)

Mutations The source of variation in a genetic sequence. Can be either gene or chromosomal mutations. Point mutations = a change in a single nucleotide in a sequence of DNA.

Frameshift Mutation Inserting an extra nucleotide which, in turn, shifts the entire sequence one way or the other.

Chromosomal mutations Involves a change in the number or structure of the chromosomes. Deletion : when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost. Duplication : when a segment of a chromosome is repeated Inversion : when a segment of a chromosome is reversed.

More chromosomal mutations Translocation : when part of a chromosome breaks off and is attached to a non- homologous chromosome.

Advanced Honors: Control of gene expression Genes are often like light switches that can be turned off and on. Operon = occur in prokaryotes. (bacteria) different genes that work together to activate gene functions

Eukaryotic gene expression Controlled by complex sequences of DNA. Example: “TATA box”

Factors: Overall gene control is more difficult for eukaryotes because functional genes may be on different chromosomes. Environmental such as chemicals and temperature.

Hox and Oncogenes Hox genes Genes that actively control embryonic development. Oncogenes Genes known to cause cancer. Usually these are switched “off”, but can be switched “on” by a number of factors.