Chapter 3 Systems Documentation Techniques Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-1.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 3 Systems Documentation Techniques Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-1

Learning Objectives  Prepare and use data flow diagrams to understand, evaluate, and document information systems.  Prepare and use flowcharts to understand, evaluate, and document information systems. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-2

What Is Documentation? مستندسازی  Set of documents and models  Narratives, data flow models, flowcharts شرح وقایع، نمودارهای گردش عملیات، شکلها و دیگر موارد مکتوب مهمی است که نشان میدهد یک سیستم چگونه کار میکند.  Describe who, what, why, when, and where of systems:  Input, process, storage, output, and controls این اطلاعات بیان میکند که چه کسی، چه کاری را.... انجام میدهد Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-3

Why Should You Learn Documentation?  You need to be able to read documentation in all its forms: narratives, diagrams, models. نیاز به فهمیدن سیستم  You need to be able to evaluate the quality of systems, such as internal control based in part on documentation.  SAS 94 requires independent auditors to understand all internal control procedures.  Documentation assists in auditor understanding and documentation of their understanding مستندسازی کمک میکند به درک حسابرسان برای بهتر مسنتدساز کردن اطلاعات خود  states that management :  Is responsible for internal control system  Is responsible for assessing the effectiveness of the IC System  Both management and external auditors need to document and test IC System Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-4

Data Flow Diagrams نمودار گردش دادها  Graphically describes the flow of data within a system  Four basic elements ابزارهای نمایش Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-5 Entity Process Data Flow Data Store مبداء و مقصد دادها ذخیره دادها گردش دادها فرایندهای تبدیل

Entity  Represents a source of data or input into the system or  Represents a destination of data or output from the system نشان دهنده مبداء و مقصد داده ها میباشد Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-6

Data Flows گردش داده ها  Movement of data among: نشان دهنده حرکت داده ها  Entities (sources or destinations)  Processes  Data stores  Label should describe the information moving Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-7

Process فرایندهای تبدیل  Represents the transformation of data فرایندهایی که داده ها را از ورودی به خروجی تبدیل میکند Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-8

Data Store ذخیره داده ها  Represents data at rest Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-9

Data Flow Diagram Levels  Context نمودار زمینه  Highest level (most general)  Purpose: show inputs and outputs into system  Characteristics: one process symbol only, no data stores یک دایره در وسط،  Level-0  Purpose: show all major activity steps of a system  Characteristics: processes are labeled 1.0, 2.0, and so on Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-10

DFD Creation Guidelines  Understand the system شناخت سیستم  Ignore certain aspects of the system صرف نظر کردن از جنبه های خاص سیستم  Determine system boundaries تعیین حدود سیستم  Develop a context DFD طراحی نمودار زمینه  Identify data flows شناسایی گردش داده ها  Group data flows گردشهای گروهی داده ها  Number each process  Identify transformational processes شناسایی فرایندهای تبدیل داده ها  Group transformational processes فرایندهای تبدیل گروهی  Identify all data stores شناسایی کلیه پرونده ها و ذخیره داده ها  Identify all sources and destinations شناسایی کلیه داده ها و مقصد داده ها  Label all DFD elements نام گذاری کلیه عناصر نمودار گردش داده ها  Subdivide DFD تفکیک نمودار گردش داده ها Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-11

Flowcharts نمودار گردش عملیات  Use symbols to logically depict transaction processing and the flow of data through a system. یک تکنیک تحلیلی برای توصیف منطقی صریح و جامع برخی جنبه های یک سیستم اطلاعاتی بکار میرود  Using a pictorial representation is easier to understand and explain versus a detailed narrative. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-12

Flowchart Symbol Categories  Input/Output  Processing  Storage  Miscellaneous Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-13 سند چند نسخه از یک سند صفحه نمایش کار با صفحه کلید به صورت مستقیم نوار انتقالی، مجموع کنترلهای دستی اماده پردازش رایانه ای عملیات دستی

 (cont’d) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education عملیات کمکی عملیات صفحه کلید به صورت غیر مستقیم دیسک مغناطیسی نوار مغناطیسی مسیر جریان پردازش یا سند جهت جریان داده یا اطلاعات حلقه ارتباطات اتصال در صفحه اتصال خارج از صفحه تصمیم گیری زیر نویس

Types of Flowcharts  Document  Illustrates the flow of documents through an organization  Useful for analyzing internal control procedures  System  Logical representation of system inputs, processes, and outputs  Useful in systems analysis and design  Program  Represent the logical sequence of program logic Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-15

Document Flowchart Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-16

Copyright 2012 © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3-17

Document Flowchart (cont’d) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-18

Copyright 2012 © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3-19

System Flowchart Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-20

Copyright 2012 © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3-21

Program Flowchart Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 3-22

Copyright 2012 © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3-23