Ocean Productivity and Export Flux Data derived from satellite: Biomass (concentration, type) Temperature Light Winds Eddies Sea Ice Data requiring models Mixed layer Grazing Sinking and advection of POC/DOC There is a large list of non-NASA missions for key data types above. Issues are calibration, validation, data availability, tool for using data, integration of data with models, etc.

Second generation Global Imager 2 Drake Passage: Ice concentration vs Chl-a Ice measured by SSM/I-F13 Bootstraps algorithm, Chl: SPGANT using SeaWiFS Ice concentration is mean for squares 1-3 (next slide), Chl- SPGANT is mean for squares 1-4 (next slide)

Second generation Global Imager

Second generation Global Imager 4 High Resolution AMSR-E 89 GHz Sea Ice bremen.de/iuppage/psa/2001/amsrop.html Daily sea ice maps are provided by a small group at University of Bremen using data from JAXAs AMSR-E sensor on NASA's Aqua Satellite (since May, 2002).JAXAAqua Satellite The main problem is data access and usability : NSIDC may have all the best data but it is hard to find. The differences between NASA group and the bootstraps algorithms are confusing The University of Bremen group provides easy to use HDF data of a single variable: ice concentration. The NSIDC AMSR-E datasets have 64 (!) different products, including ice concentration but at lower spatial resolution.

Second generation Global Imager 5 1. Mission Concept of GCOM and SGLI 1.1 Mission target Global Climate Observation Mission (GCOM) GCOM-W (water) satellite series #1~3 (Jan. 2012~, 13 years) Sensor: AMSR-2 which is a follow-on sensor of AMSR-E on Aqua GCOM-C (climate) satellite series #1~3 (early 2014 (TBD) ~, 13 years) Sensor: Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) which is a radiometer of nm, 250m-1km resolution, and km swath, as a follow-on mission of ADEOS-II/GLI. Targets of GCOM-C are followings. Establishment of long-term observation system for the global carbon cycle and radiation budget Integrated use with other earth observation systems Contribution to numerical climate models (driving force, outputs comparison, and parameter tuning) Contribution to operational use (weather forecast, monitoring of meteorological disaster, fishery..) Enhancement of new satellite data usability

Second generation Global Imager 6 GCOM-W Water cycle change observation satellite Major observation targets of GCOM Water vapor Soil moisture Precipi- tation Sea surface wind Snow depth Above- ground biomass Land surface Temp. Vegetation production Ocean color Snow surface properties Cloud liquid water Cloud properties Sea ice concentration Snow Ice distribution Sea surface Temp. Sea surface Temp. Snow surface Temp. GCOM-C observation targets Radiation budgetCarbon cycle Atmosphere Cloud and aerosol changes and Ratiative forcing Cryosphere Ice-albedo feedback in global warming Land Carbon cycle and vegetation production Ocean Carbon and heat pool and coastal environment 2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design mission target and product groups Land cover Aerosol properties

Second generation Global Imager 7 2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design GCOM-C products and SGLI channels VNR channels IRS channels Specifications of SGLI, such as center wavelengths, band width, SNR, and dynamic range, are designed in consideration of retrieval algorithms of the observation targets. BlueGreen Red Yellow

Second generation Global Imager 8 SGLI channels CH  L std L max SNR at LstdIFOV VN, P, SW: nm T:  m VN, P: W/m 2 /sr/  m T: Kelvin VN, P, SW: - T: NE  T m VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN P P SW SW SW SW (TBD)1000 T T Targets are carbon cycle and radiation budget relating to the global environmental change. SGLI’ll observe aerosols, cloud, vegetation, ocean color, sea/land surface temperature, snow/ice, and so on for more than 13 years. The SGLI features are finer spatial resolution (250m (VNI) and 500m (T)) and polarization/along- track slant view channels (P), which will improve land, coastal, and aerosol observations. GCOM-C SGLI characteristics (baseline of GCOM-C1 BBM design) Orbit (TBD) Sun-synchronous (descending local time: 10:30) Altitude: 798km, Inclination: 98.6deg Launch DateJan (HII-A) Mission Life5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Scan Push-broom electric scan (VNR: VN & P) Wisk-broom mechanical scan (IRS: SW & T) Scan width 1150km cross track (VNR: VN & P) 1400km cross track (IRS: SW & T) Digitalization12bit Polarization3 polarization angles for P Along track direction Nadir for VN, SW and T, +45 deg and -45 deg for P On-board calibration VN: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp (PD), Lunar by pitch maneuvers, and dark current by masked pixels and nighttime obs. SW: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp, Lunar, and dark current by deep space window T: Black body and dark current by deep space window All: Electric calibration 2. GCOM-C products and SGLI design GCOM-C/SGLI design Visible & Near infrared push- broom Radiometer (VNR) Polarization (along-track slant) radiometer (P) shortwave & thermal InfraRed (T) Scanner (IRS) SGLI : Second generation GLobal Imager Multi-angle obs. for 670nm and 865nm

Second generation Global Imager 9 (a) GLI 1km Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI) (b) GLI 250m Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI) SGLI 250m resolution will enable to detect more fine structure in the coastal area such as river outflow, regional blooms, and small current. 250m Ocean color chlorophyll-a and NDVI simulated using GLI 250m channels Hiroshi Murakami, Mitsuhiro Toratani and Hajime Fukushima, Satellite ocean color observation with 250 m spatial resolution using ADEOS-II GLI, Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment, Proceedings of SPIE, Volume , Nov. 28, Examples of expected GCOM-C product VNR 250m land and coastal observation

Second generation Global Imager 10 Japanese Financial Year Apr~ Events (launch, evaluations)  Project start  System PDR System CDR  C1 launch  Data Release  Mission result evaluation  C2 Launch  Research announcement  RA#1  RA#2  RA#3 Workshop WS#0  WS#1  WS#2  WS#3  WS#4  WS#5  WS#6  WS#7  WS#8  WS#9  WS#10  Product release, version up  Ver.1  Ver.2 C-1&2 Ver.3  Algorithm implement PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-2 (for the operational system) Ver.1 development Improvement with product version up Implement for C2 (=Ver.2.5) Version-up implement Algorithm development/ improvement phase 1. Initial development phase 2. Performance development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation Sensor development/ calibration phase 1. Design and trial manufacturing 2. Sensor manufacturing & performance tests 3. Initial calibration phase 4. Operational phase 4. GCOM-C Project Timeline GCOM-C algorithm development and validation schedule (TBD) Examination of the implementability of new algorithms, and improvement of the existing algorithms Develop using other satellite or in-situ observations Correspond to the sensor design results. Evaluate & improve candidate algorithm performance (theoretical performance + processing stability) Obtain in-situ data, develop and validate algorithms, and examine applications Pre-launch algorithm implementation-1 (PLI-1) for checking the algorithm theoretical performance and satellite data applicability based on the above results. Correspond to the satellite sensor design and performance tests. Based on the PLI-1 results, improve the at-launch version of operational codes Pre-launch implementation-2 (PLI-2) for checking flow and performance of the real processing Intensive verification and improvement for Ver.1 data release as an initial validation phase for about one year after the launch Validate and improve (version up) algorithms using SGLI observation data Obtain in-situ data required for algorithm development, validation and improvement develop and validate research/new algorithms, and develop new usage of the products BBM EM PFM TBD

Second generation Global Imager 11 Japanese Financial Year Apr~ Events (launch, evaluations)  Project start  System PDR System CDR  C1 launch  Data Release  Mission result evaluation  C2 Launch  Research announcement  RA#1  RA#2  RA#3 Workshop WS#0  WS#1  WS#2  WS#3  WS#4  WS#5  WS#6  WS#7  WS#8  WS#9  WS#10  Product release, version up  Ver.1  Ver.2 C-1&2 Ver.3  Algorithm implement PLI-1 (using other satellite data) PLI-2 (for the operational system) Ver.1 development Improvement with product version up Implement for C2 (=Ver.2.5) Version-up implement Algorithm development/ improvement phase 1. Initial development phase 2. Performance development phase 3. Operational algorithm development phase 4. Post-launch development and improvement phase Initial validation Sensor development/ calibration phase 1. Design and trial manufacturing 2. Sensor manufacturing & performance tests 3. Initial calibration phase 4. Operational phase 4. GCOM-C Project Timeline GCOM-C calibration schedule (TBD) BBM EM PFM TBD Investigate influence and correction methods of sensor design characteristics Reflect the results to the radiometric and geometric sensor models developed in the BBM phase. Investigate influence and correction methods of manufactured sensor characteristics in EM and PFM Reflect the results to Level-1 algorithm and calibration coefficient tables which are used for the at-launch processing Post-launch calibration (1) Radiometric calibration, (2) Sensor characterization and image quality evaluation, (3) vicarious/cross calibration, (4) Moon calibration, and (5) geometric calibration Improve and keep the accuracy of level-1 products by applying the calibration results to the processing algorithm. Improve and keep the accuracy of long-term data by continuing (1)~(5) and applying their results to the processing algorithm. Reflect sensor characterization and calibration results to the following GCOM-C#. TBD

Scheduled Ocean-Color Sensors of China, India and Korea SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE SCHEDULED LAUNCH SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE (nm) ORBIT GOCIKARI/KORDI COMS-1 (Korea) June Geostationary COCTSCNSA (China) HY-1C or HY-2A 2009?? Polar OCM-2 ISRO (India) Oceansat-2 (India) Sept km Polar

Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) in KOREA - is scheduled to be launched onboard Communication Ocean & Meteorological Satellite (COMS) in June – Detecting short term biophysical phenomena requires high frequency observation. – Conventional PO satellite hardly observe the ocean color with high frequency. – Reducing cloud problem in OC sensor. * The altitude of GEO satellite is 35,786km * Polar sun synchronous orbit : ~780km Courtesy of Ahn (2008), report to IOCCG 13 th meeting

GCOI Technical Specification

Courtesy of Ahn (2008), report to IOCCG 13 th meeting

Courtesy of Navalgund (2008) report to 13 th IOCCG meeting India OCEANSAT-2 Launch planned late 2008

Second generation Global Imager 18 Future Satellite Mission Timelines* Mark R. Drinkwater European Space Agency Earth Observation Programmes *See last slides for modification record

Second generation Global Imager Ocean Surface Topography Planned/Pending approval In orbitApproved TOPEX/POSEIDON Jason-1 RA-2/Envisat Medium accuracy (SSH) from high-inclination orbit High accuracy (SSH) from mid-inclination orbit CRYOSAT-2/LRM AltiKa/OceanSat-3 ICESAT GFO RA/ERS-2 SRAL/GMES S-3A Alt/HY-2BAlt/HY-2A OSTM/Jason-3 OSTM/Jason-2

Second generation Global Imager 20 IPY GODA E Geoid and Salinity Missions CHAMP GRACE SMOS GOCE Gravity/Geoid missions (for absolute circulation) Salinit y In orbitApprovedPlanned/Pending approval AQUARIUS

Second generation Global Imager 21 IPY GODA E Ocean Winds SSMI/DMSP In orbitApprovedPlanned/Pending approval SSMI/DMSP ASCAT/METOP-A,B,C Seawinds/ADEOS-2 Seawinds/QuikSCAT WINDSAT AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua Vector Wind Scalar Wind AMSR2/GCOM-W1 Ku-Scat/Oceansat-2 AMI/ERS Ku-Scat/HY-2A

Second generation Global Imager 22 IPY GODA E ASAR/Envisat C-band SAR for Oil pollution, sea ice and sea- state Planned/Pending approvalIn orbitApproved PALSAR/ALOS L-band RADARSAT-3 COSMO-SKYMED X-band TERRASAR-X X-band GMES S-1A AMI/ERS RADARSAT-2 C-band RADARSAT-1 C-band C-, X-band/HY-3

Second generation Global Imager 23 IPY GODA E ASAR/Envisat C-band Sea Ice (Concentration, Extent, Drift, Thickness) Planned/Pending approvalIn orbitApproved MODIS/EOS-Terra PALSAR/ALOS L-band RADARSAT-3 COSMO-SKYMED X-band TERRASAR-X X-band MODIS & AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua ICESAT SMOS WindSat SRAL/GMES S-3A GMES S-1 AMI/ERS Drift Thickness AMSR2/GCOM-W1 Concentration RADARSAT-2 C-band RADARSAT-1 C-band Seawinds/QuikSCAT OLS & SSMI/DMSP—AVHRR & AMSU/NOAA CRYOSAT NPOESS C1 VIIRS/NPP COCTS/HY-1BCOCTS/HY-1A Rad/HY-2A ICESAT-2

Second generation Global Imager 24 Ice Sheets (Accum, Melt, Dynamics, Thickness; Mass Variability) Dynamics/ Mass Flux Altimetry/ Gravity Albedo/Accum/ Melt IPY AMI/ERS ASAR/Envisat C- band Seawinds/QuikSCA T COSMO-SKYMED X band ICESAT SRAL/GMES S-3A CRYOSAT-2 GRACE GOCE OLS & SSMI/DMSP—AVHRR & AMSU/NOAA MODIS/EOS-Terra MODIS & AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua AMSR/GCOM-W1 Ku-Scat/Oceansat-2 ICESAT-2 TERRASAR X band PALSAR/ALOS L-band GMES S-1 RADARSAT-3 RADARSAT-2 C-band RADARSAT-1 C-band NPOESS C1 VIIRS/NPP

Second generation Global Imager 25 IPY Sea & Ice Surface Temperature WINDSAT MOS/IRS-P3 ADEOS-2 SLST/GMES S-3A SGLI/GCOM-C1 **Geostationary sats: GOES, MSG contribute - but not shown CBERS-4 CBERS-3 CBERS-2B Optica l Microwav e NPOESS C1 In orbitApprove d Planned/Pending approval AATSR/ENVISAT MODIS & AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua ATSR/ERS-2 HY-1B FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY-1C AVHRR/METOP-A,B,C am orbit MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30 AMSR/GCOM-W1 TMI/TRMM VIIRS/NPP am AVHRR/NOAA am orbit AVHRR/NOAA pm orbit GODA E CBERS-2 HY-1 MSMR/Oceansat-1 Rad/HY-2A

Second generation Global Imager 26 IPY In orbitApprovedPlanned/Pending approval AVHRR/NOAA am orbit Ocean Colour MODIS/EOS-Aqua MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30 MERIS/ENVISAT ADEOS-2 SeaWiFS/SEASTAR SGLI/GCOM-C1 OCM-2/Oceansat-2 MOS/IRS-P3 PARASOL-POLDER OCM/IRS-P4/Oceansat-1 COTS/HY-1B FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI) FY-1DFY-1C OLC/GMES S-3A AVNIR-2/ALOS GODA E NPOESS C1 COCTS/HY-1 VIIRS/NPP am