Objectives The Student will… 1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship. 2. Describe the American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world. 3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United States.

Main Idea During the 1950’s, the United States and the Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war.

Why it matters now The Cold War continued into the 1990’s, affecting U.S. policies in Cuba, Central America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.

A-BOMB The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 generated a huge amount of energy when it exploded. The amount of energy generated by the bomb was equivalent to the amount of energy generated by a 15- kiloton TNT explosion.

A-BOMB On the ground, beneath the explosion center(hypocenter), the temperature rose to approximately 7,000 degree F. Roof (ceramic) tiles on houses within a 3 mile radius from the explosion center melted, and gray stones which contained silicon particles became white. Sand turns into glass.

A-BOMB The wind velocity on the ground beneath the explosion center was 980 miles/hr, which is five times stronger than the wind generated by strong hurricanes.

YouTube VIDEO CLIP atl3YBSQ&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safe ty_mode=1&safe=activehttp:// atl3YBSQ&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safe ty_mode=1&safe=active (Atomic Bomb) =related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe =activehttp:// =related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe =active (View Of Hiroshima after Atomic Bomb)

H-BOMB The United States detonated the world's first hydrogen, or thermonuclear, device on October 31, Codenamed "Mike", this device stood three stories high and exploded with a force of 10.4 megatons. The mushroom cloud rose to a height of over 100,000 feet and was clearly visible from a distance of over fifty miles. The Mike shot opened a new era in nuclear weaponry. The destructive power of nuclear weapons increased from thousands of tons of to millions of tons of TNT.

NUCLEAR ARMS RACE  The Soviet Union exploded their own H- Bomb in August  By 1970, the U.S. and the Soviet Union combined for just over 10,000 nuclear warheads.  By 1980, the combined number of Nukes reaches just under 25,000.

Bert the Turtle “Duck and Cover”

John Foster Dulles: Secretary of State Dulles believed the Cold War was a moral crusade against communism. Believed that the U.S. could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nukes, to contain it.

BRINKMANSHIP Definition: willing to go to the edge of an “all out” nuclear war to stop the spread of communism. The U.S. cut back on its army and navy and expanded its air force (to deliver the bombs) and nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union copied the U.S. The CIA is created to spy on the Soviet Union,by gathering information on Soviet nukes, and carrying out secret operations to overthrow communist governments.

Assignment TWEETS

WARSAW PACT In response to the creation of NATO, the Soviet Union created a defensive alliance with 7 Eastern European countries. East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.

NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV Stalin dies in 1953 and is replaced by Khrushchev. Khrushchev believes that communism will peacefully triumph over all other forms of governments. Initially believes that the Soviet Union and the U.S. can peacefully coexist.

SPUTNIK Sputnik 1 was the first man-made object to orbit the Earth. It was launched by the Soviet Union on 4th October After 22 days orbiting the earth at 18,000 mph and circling the globe every 96 minutes, the batteries were depleted, halting radio communications. It re-entered the earths atmosphere and burned up on 4 January The U.S. does not successfully launch a satellite until 1/31/1958.

U-2 SPY PLANE INCIDENT The CIA began making secret high altitude flights over the Soviet Union in The U-2 planes were used for these missions because they could fly at high altitudes without being detected. The planes were black and unmarked. The pilots wore black jump suits and carried no I.D. Pilots were under order to film troop movements and missile sites with cameras attached to the plane. Any pilot shot down who happened to survive was under orders to swallow a cyanide pill.

U-2 INCIDENT The U.S. and the Soviet Union are to meet on May 15, 1960 to discuss a treaty aimed at reducing the number of nukes in each others arsenal. (Paris Summit) However, on May 1, 1960 U-2 pilot Gary Francis Powers is shot down over Soviet airspace. Powers does not swallow the cyanide pill and is captured. Khrushchev demands an apology and all U-2 flights eliminated. The U-2 flights are stopped but the U.S. refuses to apologize. Khrushchev cancels the Paris Summit!!

FRANCIS GARY POWERS Powers is convicted of espionage and is sentenced to 3 years in prison and 7 years of hard labor. Powers serves 1 year and 9 months in prison before being traded for the Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel. Powers is dishonorably discharged from the CIA upon his return to the U.S.