Emotion

Introducing Emotion 1. In one minute, identify a specific emotion for each expression provided. (L to R, T to B) 2. Define emotion. A complex experience of consciousness, bodily sensation, and behavior that reflects the personal significance of an event, or a state of affairs. 3. What comes first, our emotional experience, or the physiological change associated with an emotion? 4. Can we feel an emotion without cognition?

Emotions: Three factors? Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, conscience experience Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, conscience experience

Theories on Emotion James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory We feel emotions because of biological changes We feel emotions because of biological changes perception ==> arousal ==> emotion perception ==> arousal ==> emotion I see a bear, my muscles tense, my heart races, I feel afraid. I see a bear, my muscles tense, my heart races, I feel afraid.

James-Lange Theory (1884) Transform these statements to reflect James- Lange’s theory. Transform these statements to reflect James- Lange’s theory. “You lose your fortune, feel sorry and weep…” “You lose your fortune, feel sorry and weep…” Insulted by a rival, I feel angry, and strike…” Insulted by a rival, I feel angry, and strike…” What evidence has led to a slight revival of the James-Lange theory? (#9) What evidence has led to a slight revival of the James-Lange theory? (#9)

Cannon-Bard Theory (1920’s) Biological change and cognitive recognition of emotion occur simultaneously Biological change and cognitive recognition of emotion occur simultaneously Thalamus prompts both biological change and cognitive awareness Thalamus prompts both biological change and cognitive awareness perception  thalamus  simultaneous signals to cortex and autonomic nervous system perception  thalamus  simultaneous signals to cortex and autonomic nervous system Thalamus overestimated in this theory (amygdala also involved) Thalamus overestimated in this theory (amygdala also involved) I see a bear. I feel afraid and tense up in readiness to run away. I see a bear. I feel afraid and tense up in readiness to run away.

Two-Factor Theory (Schacter) Emotion dependent on interaction between biology and cognition. Emotion dependent on interaction between biology and cognition. Event ==> arousal ==> reasoning ==> emotion Event ==> arousal ==> reasoning ==> emotion Thus emotion seen as cognitive act (We rationalize our arousal.) Thus emotion seen as cognitive act (We rationalize our arousal.)

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System Review

Autonomic Nervous System and Arousal How does the autonomic nervous system control arousal? (#6) How does the autonomic nervous system control arousal? (#6) Sympathetic  adrenal glands  epinephrine (adrenaline) / norepinephrine (noradrenaline)  rise in heart rate, blood sugar, blood pressure Sympathetic  adrenal glands  epinephrine (adrenaline) / norepinephrine (noradrenaline)  rise in heart rate, blood sugar, blood pressure Parasympathetic  return to normal Parasympathetic  return to normal

Sympathetic

Physiology and Emotion How do emotions sometimes precede cognition? Fear/Anger/Sexual Arousal- Low Fear/Anger/Sexual Arousal- Low Happiness, Guilt, Love (Complex)- High Happiness, Guilt, Love (Complex)- High

Stress and Emotion (#7) Moderate arousal = optimal performance Moderate arousal = optimal performance

Arousal, cognition and emotion… “Emotions are our bodies adaptive response.” “Emotions are our bodies adaptive response.” “Arousal fuels emotion: cognition channels it.” “Arousal fuels emotion: cognition channels it.” Explain specifically these quotes. Explain specifically these quotes.

The Polygraph (Lie Detector) What can be deduced from this chart? What can be deduced from this chart?

Lie Detection Liabilities of the Polygraph Answer the following using pages Answer the following using pages What method does the polygraph use to detect lying? 2. What two critical problems exist within the polygraph process? 3. How do individuals routinely beat the polygraph? 4. What is the guilty knowledge test? Why is it considered a more accurate method for lie detection?

Putting theories into practice… You walk into a movie theatre and see your girl/ boy- friend of two years hanging on an attractive person of the opposite sex in the lobby of the theatre. After an initial response of intense anger, you quickly calm down when she introduces the other person as her cousin that she has not seen in five years. How would each of the following theories of human emotion explain your reactions in this situation? You walk into a movie theatre and see your girl/ boy- friend of two years hanging on an attractive person of the opposite sex in the lobby of the theatre. After an initial response of intense anger, you quickly calm down when she introduces the other person as her cousin that she has not seen in five years. How would each of the following theories of human emotion explain your reactions in this situation? Canon-Bard Theory Canon-Bard Theory James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory Two-factor theory Two-factor theory

Stress and Emotion Intimately connected concepts Intimately connected concepts Stressors and Stress Reactions Stressors and Stress Reactions Excessive Stress contributes to physical disease and emotional problems Excessive Stress contributes to physical disease and emotional problemsIOW Our bodies can remain ready for a challenge for only so long before our resources are depleted leaving us vulnerable to disease and emotional distress. Our bodies can remain ready for a challenge for only so long before our resources are depleted leaving us vulnerable to disease and emotional distress.

Control and Stress Control over events lessens stress Control over events lessens stress Perceived lack of control increases stress and its harmful effects. Perceived lack of control increases stress and its harmful effects. Rat studies / electric shock Rat studies / electric shock Human patients: morphine dosage Human patients: morphine dosage

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome GAS: categorizes how animals and humans react to stressful events. (Response pattern to stresses is consistent.) GAS: categorizes how animals and humans react to stressful events. (Response pattern to stresses is consistent.) 1. Alarm Reaction: Activation of Sympathetic nervous system (Readies itself to challenge…) 2. Resistance: Body remains physiologically ready (hormone release maintains readiness.) 3. Exhaustion: Parasympathetic N.S. returns physiological state to normal (vulnerability to disease if extended readiness)

How do we measure stress…? Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Measures stress using life-changing units (LCU’S) Measures stress using life-changing units (LCU’S) Read case study: Life, Change, And Stress (Holmes and Rahe, 1967) Read case study: Life, Change, And Stress (Holmes and Rahe, 1967) Answer corresponding questions. Answer corresponding questions.

Psychophysiological Illness Any stress-related physical illness. Ex. Hypertension, headaches, coronary heart disease Any stress-related physical illness. Ex. Hypertension, headaches, coronary heart disease Hypochondriasis: Imaginary / exaggerated illnesses (often multiple) Hypochondriasis: Imaginary / exaggerated illnesses (often multiple)

Stress and Illness Type A and Type B personalities Type A and Type B personalities Identify three adjectives for each. Identify three adjectives for each. Type A Personality Type A Personality Competitive, hard-driving, impatient Competitive, hard-driving, impatient Toxic core: negative emotions (especially anger and aggressively reactive temperament) Toxic core: negative emotions (especially anger and aggressively reactive temperament) Secretion of hormones that accelerate plaques on the heart’s artery walls Secretion of hormones that accelerate plaques on the heart’s artery walls Thus Type A personality more conducive to coronary heart disease Thus Type A personality more conducive to coronary heart disease