THE TRUMAN YEARS 1945-1952 Early Cold War. Harry S. Truman Seen as “accidental” president Not always respected as a politician Self-assured Missourian.

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Presentation transcript:

THE TRUMAN YEARS Early Cold War

Harry S. Truman Seen as “accidental” president Not always respected as a politician Self-assured Missourian The Buck Stops Here!

In this corner… There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, seem to be advancing toward the same goal: the Russians and the Anglo-Americans.... Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hands the destinies of half the world. -Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835)

Philosophical & actual “reasons” to conflict Only 2 superpowers still in tact

War Conferences Yalta Potsdam

George F. Kenan Long Telegram

Iron Curtain From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.

Truman Doctrine Containment Greece & Turkey

The Marshall Plan (1947)

Japan Douglas MacArthur Japanese Constitution Article 9 War Crimes Trials

Two Germanys Post war goals Berlin Airlift German Federal Republic German Democratic Republic

National Security Act (1947) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Soviet Responses

National Security Council NSC-68 US role in post war world Budget implications

China Nationalists vs Communists Marshall’s report Taiwan Mao

Korean War

MacArthur Bradley DMZ “the Forgotten War”

Arms Race Hydrogen bombs MAD Nuclear reality

International Links Bretton Woods IMF World Bank

Cultural Implications State sponsored promotion Funding Patriotism

The United Nations & Human Rights General Assembly Security Council Universal Declaration of Human Rights

“Fair Deal” 21 pt program Social Security minimum wage full employment Fair Employment Practices Act Slum clearing Public works and environmental planning Scientific research Nat’l health insurance

Homefront Politics Econ. Transition Labor unrest United Mine Workers Fair Deal opposition Taft-Hartley Act GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act)

Postwar Civil Rights fair employmnt practices commissions NAACP voter regis. drive 1947 Jackie Robinson st time on record no lynchings in US To Secure These Rights

Election of 1948 Party convention States Rights/“Dixiecrat” Party – Strom Thurmond Progressive Party- George Wallace Another liberal grp. unwillng to leave party but formed Americans for Democratic Action – wanted Eisenhower to run Repubs. run Dewey again – huge lead in pre- election polls

“Dewey Defeats Truman” Truman 49.5% Dewey 45.1% Dems regain control of both houses

Fair Deal Recharged New Congress no more receptive to reforms than previous one minimum wage to $.75/hr Extended Social Security National Housing Act of 1949 No movement on civil rights, health care, education Shelley v Kraemer

The Communist Hunt At Home Americans were freaked:must be enemies among us House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – (Richard Nixon) Hollywood Ten Alger Hiss (Whittaker Chambers & “pumpkin papers”

The Rosenbergs How could the SU have developed bomb so quickly – had to have “help” Klaus Fuchs Ethel & Julius Rosenberg

McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy Sen. (Wisc) – begins “hunt” Witness badgered Mere accusation was damaging enough

Loyalty? Federal “loyalty” program –Truman supported Loyalty Review Board Thousands resigned or were dismissed McCarran Internal Security Act “to determine whether there is reasonable ground to believe that such detainee probably will engage in, or conspire with others to engage in, espionage or sabotage ” FBI investigations J. Edgar Hoover

Election of 1952 Adalai Steveson/John Sparkman Dwight Eisenhower/Richard Nixon (Repub) “Checkers speech” Ike 55% Stevenson 41% ended twenty years of Democratic control of the White House

Truman’s Legacy Was he a successful president? What were his triumphs? What went wrong on “his watch?”

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