taxonomy How we classify organisms based upon structural similarities and differences

Carolus Linnaeus The “Father of Modern Taxonomy” Established methods for classifying and naming organisms that are still used BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE –Two name names

Five kingdoms system The most general classification –Monera – bacteria –Protist –Fungi –Plants –animals

Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic –No membrane-bound organelles –No nuclear membrane Unicellular Some are heterotrophic cyanobacteria are autotrophic because they perform photosynthesis

Protists Eukaryotic –Membrane-bound organelles –Nuclear membrane Mainly unicellular Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

protozoa These do not have cell walls Examples include ameba and paramecium

Algae These protists have cell walls and chloroplasts These protists are autotrophic Some are multi- cellular like sea weed!

Blue algae

fungi Fungi are eukaryotic Fungi can be unicellular –Yeast and bread mold Fungi can be multicellular –mushrooms All fungi are heterotrophic

A fungus lives on its food source They absorb the nutrients they need from the environment Digestive enzymes are secreted into their food source for EXTRACELLULAR digestion The end products of digestion (nutrients) are absorbed

Plants All plants are multicellular All plants are eukaryotic All plants are autotrophic Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

bryophytes No true roots stems or leaves No vascular tissue to circulate food or water They are only a few centimeters in height Must live in a moist area –mosses

Tracheophytes True roots, stems and leaves They have vascular tissue to circulate food and water They can grow to great heights They can live in many different environments

Animals All animals are eukaryotic All animals are multicellular All animals are heterotrophic

Classification Kingdom – most general Phylum – related classes Class – related orders Order – related families Family – related genus Genus – related species Species – most specific

Species name Based on a system of binomial nomenclature The Latin version of the genus and species of an organism –Members of a species must be able to successfully reproduce and have fertile offspring

Human versus chimpanzee Human –Animalia –Chordata –Mammalia –Primates –Hominid –Homo –Homo sapien Chimpanzee –Animalia –Chordata –Mammalia –Primates –Pongid –Pan –Pan troglodyte