A Few Things about Chapter 24

Lutheranism and Calvinism Offered princes in the HRE & elsewhere the opportunity to expand their power bases.

Luther left Calvin right

Catholic Reformation spearheaded by Jesuits Loyola converts people in India, Japan, and the Philippines

Religious Wars France Spanish Armada 1588 attempt to force England to return to Catholicism Dutch subjects resist Phillip II’s army. Northern provinces become Netherlands. Southern ones become Belgium. 30 Years War attempt by HRE to force Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church - Spain, France, Sweden, and Denmark among the combatants.

Consolidation of states Europe is unique in that it was not ruled by an empire, but by independent, well armed, and highly competitive states. This is unlike China or the Ottoman Empire Wallerstein’s World System Theory

Centralizing monarchs use religious issues to enhance authority Spain requires Catholicism and expels Jews and Muslims Spanish Inquisition 1478 purpose to ferret out Jews & Muslims. Charles V used to find Protestants

Centralizing monarchs also use their tax and military power to weaken the nobility Siphon off the wealth of the Church to expand their power.

Constitutional States share authority with representative institutions In England & the Netherlands we get: Limited government, habeas corpus, right to jury trial Openness, toleration Merchants prosper

Oliver Cromwell - his Puritan followers were known as “Roundheads”

First England goes through some trauma Anglican kings want new taxes w/o consent of Parliament. Many dissidents in Parliament were Calvinists (called Puritans in England). Both Parliament and the King raise armies. Parliament wins and in 1649 Charles is beheaded. This leads to a bloodless change in power known as the Glorious Revolution 1688.

Charles I beheaded

England & the Netherlands Mobilize popular support to increase state power Merchants especially prominent in both Both favor maritime trade & establish overseas empires Citizens in both states pursue their economic interests with little government interference (laissez faire)

Rembrandt - Clothmakers’ Guild

Absolutism - Divine right of kings In France Cardinal Richelieu is the architect. Louis XIII (r ) undermines power of nobility, builds large bureaucracy and attacks French Calvinists (called Huguenots) who often allied with nobles

Louis XIV Builds Versailles Largest standing army in Europe Fights wars to enlarge France

Versailles Palace

Russian Tsar Peter the Great Uses western model Overhauls government bureaucracy to facilitate tax collection. Builds navy (and Petersburg) Cuts beards of nobles to westernize Followed by Catherine the Great

Map

European State System Interstate competition leads to conflict with no imperial power able to restore order. Peace of Westphalia which ends 30 Years War tries for a balance of power where no one state can get too strong

Main wars involve French attempts at expansion In Europe War of Spanish Succession and 7 Years War a number of nations including Britain, and the United Provinces stop France. In the New World and India France loses to the British who eventually become hegemonic

The Battle of Denain Oil by Jean Alaux France throws money and lives away

Capitalism Columbian Exchange helps diet (potato, corn). Leads to population growth and urbanization Capitalism defined - a system based on private property, sanctity of contract, wage labor and voluntary exchange, reinvestment of profits. Capitalists always seek to cheapen labor Supply and demand Market as allocator

New Forms of Business Banks, Joint Stock Companies develop in context of imperialism

Protoindustrialization Guilds discouraged competition & restricted innovation - profit was not their goal Countryside production therefore sidesteps guilds with putting out system

Capitalism also involved unsettling changes

Russia To keep loyalty of powerful nobles Tsar allows serfs to by mistreated. This guarantees a labor force for nobles estates. After 1400 Feudalism ends in Western Europe, but become more harsh in Eastern Europe and survives in Russia until after 1850.

Free labor-Semi Free Labor - Slaves All three needed for World System.

Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776 Society prospers when individuals pursue their own interests. World wide division of labor

Science Direct observation, data Many scientific advances aided state power in areas like mining, weaponry, ship building That’s why England, France and later Germany had government sponsored science societies

Ptolemaic Universe

Enlightenment Locke - social contract Montesquieu - Division of power Voltaire

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters