©F.M. Rietti Communication Lines Fundamentals

©F.M. Rietti LM-18 Computer Science SSI Embedded Systems I 2 Communication Lines Generally used to connect external devices –USB Universal Serial Bus is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices. It is currently developed by the USB Implementers Forum. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.USB Implementers Forum

©F.M. Rietti LM-18 Computer Science SSI Embedded Systems I 3 Communication Lines (cont) USB (cont) –For history follow this link for embedded systems only USB 2.0 can be interestlink –USB official site at this linklink

©F.M. Rietti LM-18 Computer Science SSI Embedded Systems I 4 Communication Lines (cont) USB (cont) –Structure USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

©F.M. Rietti LM-18 Computer Science SSI Embedded Systems I 5 Communication Lines (cont) USB (cont) –Structure (cont) A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable. USB endpoints actually reside on the connected device: the channels to the host are referred to as pipes. USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT).webcamcompound deviceendpoint

©F.M. Rietti LM-18 Computer Science SSI Embedded Systems I 6 Communication Lines (cont) USB (cont) –Simple tutorial Following this link student can be found a brief easily to understand USB tutorial At this link a bit complex tutoriallink –For use in embedded systems two possibility: Interface USB via I2C or SPI chips Use microcontrollers with integrated USB port (ATMEGA16U2-MU(R) used in Arduino Uno board for flashing interface)