Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Austria – 1500s -1800s Archduchy of Austria: Becomes a Great Central Power (1453–1564) Frederick V (1453–1493): Elevation of the duchy to central European power -He pursued power through dynastic alliances (Burgundy, France, etc.) -attacked Rome and gets crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope -defeat Hungarians in Austrian-Hungarian War ( ) Hapsburgs: Charles I and Ferdinand I (1519–1564) -inherited position of HRE Charles I (Charles V of HRE) ruler over extensive lands in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. As the first king to rule Castile, León, and Aragon simultaneously in his own right, he became the first King of Spain. His empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the Americas.Spanish coloniesLeónKing of Spain -When Ferdinand (Charles V younger brother) became HRE - the Spanish territories became permanently alienated from the northern Habsburg domains, although remained allies for several centuries. By the time Ferdinand also inherited the title of Holy Roman Emperor from his brother in 1558 the Habsburgs had effectively turned an elective title (like what had happened in Poland) into a de facto hereditary one.

Reformation Austria and the other Habsburg hereditary provinces (and Hungary and Bohemia, as well) were much affected by the Reformation, but with the exception of Tyrol the Austrian lands shut out Protestantism. Although the Habsburg rulers themselves remained Catholic, the non-Austrian provinces (Northern German Principalities) largely converted to Lutheranism, which Ferdinand I largely tolerated.Tyrol although a Catholic counteroffensive existed in the Habsburg lands from the 1550s it was based on persuasion (not violence – unlike the Spanish Inquisition), a process in which the Jesuits and Peter Canisius took the lead. Ferdinand (he is not as religious as Philip II) deeply regretted the failure to reconcile religious differences before his death (1564)Peter Canisius

Habsburg Family Crest

Ottoman Threat from and Hapsburg Austria’s disunity ( ) The arrival of the Ottomans (1526–1562) – numerous first battles - eventual Treaty of Constantinople signed Austrian lands divided for 150 years among Hapsburg heirs Ferdinand I had three sons who survived to adulthood, and he followed the potentially disastrous Habsburg tradition of dividing up his lands between them on his death in This considerably weakened Austria, particularly in the face of the Ottoman expansion. It was not until the reign of Ferdinand III (Archduke 1590–1637) that they were reunited again in 1620—albeit briefly until It was not to be until 1665, under Leopold VI that the Austrian lands were definitively united.Ferdinand IFerdinand IIILeopold VI

Austria and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Ferdinand III (1619–1637) and Habsburg over-reach Ferdinand IV and the peace process (1634–1648) - One of Ferdinand IV acts during the latter part of the war was to give further independence to the German states (ius belli ac pacis—rights in time of war and peace) which would gradually change the balance of power between emperor and states in favor of the Northern German Principalities. The forced conversions or evictions carried out in the midst of the Thirty Years' War, together with the later general success of the Protestants, had greatly negative consequences for Habsburg control of the Holy Roman Empire itself. Although territorial losses were relatively small for the Habsburgs, the Empire was greatly diminished, the power of the ruler reduced and the balance of power in Europe changed with new centres emerging on the empire's borders. The estates were now to function more like nation states.Thirty Years' War

Establishing the monarchy: Austria's rise to power (1648–1740) Leopold I (1657–1705): Final unification and liberation from Ottoman Empire Throw back Ottoman attacks on Vienna and establish finalized Austrian hegemony over Austria and introduced a large number of Serbs into the Empire, who were to have a major impact on policies over the ensuing centuries.Serbs Austria was becoming more involved in competition with Bourbon France (Louis XIV) in Western Europe, fighting the French in the War of the League of Augsburg(1688–1697).War of the League of Augsburg On the domestic front, Leopold's reign was marked by the expulsion of the Jews from Vienna in 1670, the area being renamed Leopoldstadt. While in 1680 Leopold adopted the so-called Pragmatica, which re-regulated the relationship between landlord and peasant (reaffirming serfdom).Leopoldstadt War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714): Joseph I and Charles III – continued alliance against Bourbon France – gaining territories towards Western Europe and becoming major European player

Austrian Empire:

Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor (r ) Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor (r )

Schönbrunn Palace

Pragmatic Sanction – 1713 – women can inherit monarchy if no male heirs are available -Hapsburg lands cannot be divided up Charles III – Maria Theresa – Charles III daughter will become Empress based on this Continues alliance against France and fights against the Turks Treasury of government almost depleted by 1740 because of costs of wars

Prince Eugène of Savoy: 1718

Holy Roman Empire: 1750

Prussian Family Crest

Prussia & the Austrian Empire:

King Frederick I of Prussia (r ) Formerly: Frederick III of Brandenburg (r ) Formerly: Frederick III of Brandenburg (r )

Frederick the Great (r )

Frederick the Great’s Court

Europe in 1740

Charles VI (r )

Maria Theresa (r ) Maria Theresa (r )

Maria Theresa & Her Family Her Notable Children:  HRE Joseph II  HRE Leopold II  Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.) Her Notable Children:  HRE Joseph II  HRE Leopold II  Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)

War of the Austrian Succession