Life is Cellular A cluster of neural cells were derived from human embryonic stem cells in the lab. The motor neurons are shown in red; neural fibers appear green and the blue specks indicate DNA in cell nuclei.

Microscopes Mid 1600s 1665 Robert Hooke 1 st Compound Microscope After looking at Cork Saw chambers called Cells Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Pond water (animalcules)

Cork Cells / Microscopic Animals Cork Cells at 100X Magnification / Plankton have limited powers of locomotion

Scanning Electron Microscope SEM is a type of electron microscope that images the samples surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons.

Transmission Electron Microscope TEM uses a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects very closely, on a fine scale. A TEM shines a beam of electrons through an object.

Scanning Probe Microscope SPM is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Organelles/Cytoplasm/Cell Membrane All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, which is made of a double layer (a bilayer) of phospholipids. Within this membrane, is the cytoplasm which is composed of the fluid and organelles of the cell.

Nucleus Referred to as the "control center", is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material. Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Chromatin Nucleolus Found in: –Plants –Animals

Ribosomes Makes the expression of the genetic code from nucleic acid into protein, in a process called translation. Found in Bacteria, Plants and Animals

Endoplasmic Reticulum Interconnected network of tubules within cells Smooth ER does not hold ribosomes. Rough ER holds ribosomes. Found in plant and animal cells.

Golgi Apparatus A cell structure used for processing/storing the proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Some will end up as proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. Other proteins moving through the Golgi will end up in lysosomes. Found in plant and animal cells.

Lysosomes Organelles containing digestive enzymes. They break down the food so it is easier to digest. Found in plant and animal cells,

Vacuoles Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Maintaining internal pressure or turgor within the cell Large size in plant cells. Rarely found in animal cells.

Mitochondria “Cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of the chemical energy. Found in plants and animals.

Respiration

Chloroplast Captures light energy in plants and produces ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy > C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cytoskeleton Structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, enables cellular motion using structures such as flagella and cilia. Found in plants and animals.