AP BIOLOGY Viruses, bacteria, prions & DNA Technology Chapters Review

Process in which bacteria pick up and incorporate DNA from an outside source transformation Small extra-chromosomal DNA rings found in bacteria that often carry antibiotic resistance genes plasmids

Process in which a virus transfers host DNA along with viral DNA to a new bacterial cell transduction What does PCR stand for? Polymerase chain reaction Explain the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin. Heterochromatin: densely packed Euchromatin: loosely packed

When do inducible operons start operating? When particles of the substrate are present The protein coat on the outside of a virus is called the __________ capsid What is the other type of operon? When does it start working? Repressible operon; when particles of the substrate disappear

Process in which bacteria with F+ plasmids form a pilus and directly transfer DNA to another bacteria conjugation ______viruses contain RNA rather than DNA Retro Viruses that infect bacteria are called ______________ bacteriophages

Name the type of viral lifecycle shown lytic

Binary fission Enzymes found naturally in bacteria which leave “sticky ends” when they cut DNA Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) Type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce

Tell some processes that result in genetic variability in bacteria Mutation, transformation, Transduction, conjugation, transposons What does GFP stand for? Green fluorescent protein

Enzyme that joins the “sticky ends” of restriction fragments together DNA ligase Enzyme found in retroviruses that can produce DNA from RNA Reverse transcriptase Give an example of some kinds of genes often found on plasmids Antibiotic resistance & fertility

Name the four types of genomes that a virus can consist of. Single-stranded RNA Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded RNA Double-stranded DNA In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of ________________ transcription

Tell some ways you learned about that could be used to select or identify bacteria that contain a recombinant plasmid. Putting gene of choice on plasmid which also contains genes for antibiotic resistance will allow bacteria with recombinant plasmids to grow on media with antibiotics. Putting gene of choice on plasmid which also contains GFP will allow bacteria with recombinant plasmids to glow under UV light

DNA has a __________ charge. positive negative negative Histones have a __________ charge. positive negative positive Bacteriophage DNA that have become integrated into the host cell chromosome are called _________________ prophages

Type of viral lifecycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacterial genome as a prophage and does not kill the host cell lysogenic

Tell the functional group found in DNA that results in it having a negative charge phosphate In the bead and string model of chromatin, what are the beads? The string? Beads: nucleosomes String: linker DNA

Name this process used to make billions of copies of a small amount of DNA PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

Tell two ways you learned about that could be used to clone a gene 1. Make it into a recombinant plasmid, incorporated it in a bacteria, and let bacteria reproduce 2. PCR Proteins that are covalently bonded to carbs are called _____________ Glycoproteins

True or False: Plasmids are essential to every bacterium; that’s why all bacteria have them FALSE Where in viruses do we find glycoproteins? Attached to the envelope

What is the role of operons? Help control gene expression Which size fragments move the farthest along the gel during gel electrophoresis? Smallest fragments move the farthest

Why are viruses called obligate parasites? They need a host to survive Name the two components of all viruses. Genome (DNA or RNA) Capsid

Transduction Transformation Conjugation Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle _____________________: replicates phage genome without destroying the host _____________________: replicates phage genome, but breaks open the host to release new phages, ultimately destroying it _____________________: alteration of genotype and phenotype by the uptake of foreign DNA from the environment _____________________: direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to other; one-way transfer _____________________: phages carry genes from one host cell to another, and the host cell’s DNA is incorporated into the new host cell’s genome Transduction Conjugation Transformation Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle

What effect does DNA methylation have on gene expression? What effect does histone acetylation have on gene expression? Methylated DNA is usually not transcribed, so the genes found in that area will not be expressed Histone acetylation causes the chromatin to spread out, so the genes found in that area will be transcribed and expressed

Restriction enzymes Gene cloning DNA ligase Gel electrophoresis ___________________________: cut up DNA at restriction sites ___________________________: separates nucleic acids based on size and electric charge _____________________: fuses together pieces of DNA _____________________: methods that make multiple copies of a DNA segment Gene cloning DNA ligase Gel electrophoresis Restriction enzymes

State the main difference between gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria. Gram-positive: simple cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan Gram-negative: more complex cell walls with outer layer of lipopolysaccharides

True or False: Operons are found in prokaryotic cells only. TRUE DNA methylation and histone acetylation are two examples of __________________ Epigenetics

Sex pilus Capsule Endospore Cell wall Flagellum _____________________: helps a prokaryote move towards or away from a stimulus _____________________: sticky layer of protein that allows prokaryotes to stick to a substrate or to form colonies _____________________: link prokaryotes during conjugation _____________________: helps maintain cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environment _____________________: resistant cells that can withstand harsh conditions; chromosome copied and water removed from cell Endospore Cell wall Sex pilus Capsule Flagellum