HW #1: 7) Ch2, P#30: A 100-W light bulb is accidentally left on for two days in a basement. If electricity costs 12¢/kWh, how much did this oversight cost?

HW #1: 7) Ch2, P#30: A 100-W light bulb is accidentally left on for two days in a basement. If electricity costs 12¢/kWh, how much did this oversight cost? 58 cents

HW #1: 7) Ch2, P#30: A 100-W light bulb is accidentally left on for two days in a basement. If electricity costs 12¢/kWh, how much did this oversight cost? 58 cents

1. Most oil is not in the “conventional” (cheap, easy) form 2. Non-conventional oil extends the oil-use lifetime, but at most by a factor of 10

Oil Sands - reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are gone, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. (These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.)

Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada

Bitumen – tar-like highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Not really shales and do not contain oil. Oil Shales - source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Not really shales and do not contain oil. Contain a waxy substance called kerogen (general term for buried organic matter), which can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantityes of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone." (Oil shale, Estonia)

Oil Shale Resources (NOT the same as reserves, which are only a small part of this) The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantityes of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone." (Green River fossils)

(Oil shale mine in Alberta, Canada) Oil Shales – (Oil shale mine in Alberta, Canada) The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantityes of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone."

This is what parts of the U.S. used to look like….. More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus.[32] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. In the 1850s, the process to distill kerosene from petroleum was invented by Ignacy Łukasiewicz, providing a cheaper alternative to whale oil. The demand for the petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew.[33] The world's first commercial oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853. Oil exploration developed in many parts of the world with the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, taking the lead in production by the end of the 19th century.

Seismic Imaging Reveals the Most Likely Places to Find Oil and Natural Gas.

Seismology – study of the propagation of seismic waves through the earth

Seismic Reflection

Seismic Reflection

Saudi Arabian petroleum resources

Saudi Arabian petroleum resources

Deepwater drilling rig rates in 2010 were about $420,000/day Onshore wells = costs range from <$1 million to >$15 million for deep and difficult wells Deepwater drilling rig rates in 2010 were about $420,000/day * a deep water well of duration of 100 days can cost around US$100 million (can be in water almost 2.5 km deep) The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE. They had depths of up to about 800 feet (240 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.[1] The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.

Deepwater Horizon rig – designed to operate in waters up to 2 Deepwater Horizon rig – designed to operate in waters up to 2.4 km deep and drill down over 9 km into the seafloor

Pump Jack: Figure 7.10: Enhanced oil recovery methods.

Figure 7.10: Enhanced oil recovery methods.

Figure 7.10: Enhanced oil recovery methods.

Figure 7.10: Enhanced oil recovery methods.

Trans-Alaska Pipeline: (why is it above ground?) But has to go under the Tanana River

Petroleum Pipelines:

Keystone Pipeline:

Petroleum Pipelines: Kinder Morgan Express – in operation since 1997

The Keystone Pipeline System is a pipeline system to transport synthetic crude oil and diluted bitumen from the Athabasca Tar Sands in northeastern Alberta, Canada, to multiple destinations in the US, which include refineries in Illinois, Cushing oil distribution hub in Oklahoma, and proposed connections to refineries along the Gulf Coast of Texas. It consists of the operational "Keystone Pipeline" (Phase 1) and "Keystone-Cushing Extension" (Phase 2), and two proposed Keystone XL pipeline expansion segments. After the Keystone XL pipeline segments are completed, American crude oil would enter the XL pipelines at Baker, Montana, and Cushing, Oklahoma.

The Keystone XL has faced lawsuits from oil refineries and criticism from environmentalists and some members of the US Congress. The US Department of State in 2010 extended the deadline for federal agencies to decide if the pipeline is in the national interest, and in November, 2011, President Obama postponed the decision until 2013.

Ogallala aquifer

Oklahoma Dust Bowl

Oklahoma Today

Ogallala aquifer

Ogallala aquifer

Ogallala aquifer

Keystone Pipeline:

Petroleum Pipelines: Kinder Morgan Express – in operation since 1997

Network of Major Natural Gas Pipelines in the U.S.:

Network of Natural Gas Pipelines, U.S. and Canada:

Different hydrocarbons “crack” out of the crude oil at different temperatures:

Natural Gas Processing

Oil Refinery in Anacortes, WA

Louisiana Oil Refineries: Subject to Earth’s Cooperation

Changing Mississippi River Delta Locations Holding river in place is the biggest engineering project in history

Flooded Oil Refinery In Kansas City along the Missouri River

Proven World Reserves of Oil (CIA, World Factbook, 2011) Total = 1.3+ Trillion Barrels Oil Industry Resources Estimate: 5 Trillion Barrels

Change in declared reserves for some OPEC countries

U.S. uses 20 million barrels/day (25% of World) (7.3 billion/year) The World uses 84 million barrels/day (31 billion/year) U.S. reserves = 24 billion barrels (3.3 years) World reserves = 1400 billion barrels (45 years)

TOTAL U.S. Off-limits Offshore Oil in all areas? 18 billion barrels (2.3 years) (Est. by U.S. Dept of Interior Minerals Management Service) Total Amount of Oil taken out of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (North America’s Largest oil field)? 13 billion barrels in 28 years…. 3 billion barrels left Total Oil in Alaska National Wildlife Refuge? 10.4 billion barrels (1.4 years) (mean USGS est.) TOTAL U.S. possible reserves and resources (high-end guess by DOI MMS)? 96 billion barrels (13 years)

World Oil Production and the Hubbert Curve (Marion King Hubbert, Shell Oil geophysicist, 1903-1989)

Countries that have already reached peak production (2004):

World Oil Production and the Hubbert Curve: Projection

Petroleum Production, short term

Petroleum Production, long term (Hubbert “Blip”) EROI = Energy returned on energy invested

Arctic Oil Reserves = ~ 44 billion barrels

Petroleum Consumption, by Region (as a % of total)

Petroleum Production, by Country

Petroleum Consumption, by Country

Petroleum Imports, by Country

Major Oil Trade Movements

Natural Gas Reserves World Reserves = 300 trillion cubic meters World Consumption = 105 trillion cubic feet/year (60 years)

Natural Gas Production World Reserves = 300 trillion cubic meters World Production = 3.4 trillion cubic meters per year (88 years)**

“Fracking”- Hydraulic Fracturing – a way of retrieving natural gas from shale layers

“Fracking”- Hydraulic Fracturing – a way of retrieving natural gas from shale layers

“Fracking”- Hydraulic Fracturing: Environmental Concerns

“Fracking” Earthquakes: Wastewater injected into the Ozark aquifer of Arkansas leaked into a deeper unknown fault (roughly outlined by the rectangle in this side view). The heightened water pressure in the fault relieved just enough of the squeeze on the fault to allow earthquakes (gray and orange circles).