CChanging agricultural practices GGrowing population CCapital to invest PPlentiful natural resources (coal, iron ore) HHuge empire provided markets for goods

 Factory owners wanted machines running all day & all night  This led to the development of shifts  Employees came to work for set hours  Employees did the same work over and over

 Belgium, France, German States  Because their governments took an active role in supporting the development of industry

LLarger population UUrbanization (the growth of cities) CCreation of a new middle class CCreation of a new working class CChanges in family roles & structure BBirth of socialism

 All of the steps in the production process were done by individuals in their homes

 Near water  Early machines relied on water power

 James Watt improved the steam engine so it was able to power machinery

 Railroads

 Women

 Railroads  Steamboats

 A decline in death rates (less war & famine)  Abundant food supply › More healthy people › More resistant to disease

 The growth and development of cities  Less labor was required in the rural areas b/c farming had become more mechanized  People flocked to growing cities to find jobs in the new factories

 Miserable! › Long hours › Repetitive work › Low wages › Dangerous › Strict discipline › Use of child labor › Excessive hours for women › Lower wages for children & women

 Often the entire family had to work in some capacity b/c they needed the money to afford living in the city  Men became the “breadwinner”  Women became the caregiver to the kids  Before everyone in the family helped with all tasks

 A system where society (really, the government) owns and controls all of the means of production › Natural resources (mines) › Transportation industries › Factories

 Competition  Cooperation

 Enclosure Movement: › Laws allowing large landowners to fence in common lands, which forced peasants to urban areas in search of work in the new factories  Capital: › Money to invest in machinery and buildings  Entrepreneurs: › Businessmen who look for new ways to make a profit and are willing to take risks with their investments

 Coal was CRUCIAL to industrialization! › It was burnt to power steam engines › It was an ingredient in the iron making process  Puddling: › New iron making process developed by Henry Cort that resulted in a higher quality, stronger product › Iron was used to construct taller buildings, machines, and new modes of transportation

 Construction of new lines created jobs  Less expensive transportation costs led to lower prices for consumers & larger markets  Larger markets & lower prices = more sales  More profits allowed owners to reinvest in new/more machinery