Level 1

Vocabulary  Assimilate: to bring in another culture’s way of life  Unconstitutional: a law or decision that goes against the Constitution  Reservation: land set aside for a Native American tribe

Essential Questions  How did Jackson’s policies affect the political, economic, and social life of the nation?  How was Jackson viewed by different groups of people?

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected the Frontier Attitude  Indian Removal Act (1830): $500,000 for treaties to remove tribes west of the Mississippi  Why did the Southern frontier (GA, MS, AL) want it?  Expand cotton agriculture  Gold rush in Northern GA  Violent conflicts with tribes  Most Americans didn’t know there was a difference in tribes and saw all Natives as violent savages.

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected the Frontier Attitude  Davy Crockett, an Indian fighter and frontiersman, opposed Jackson’s policy and he was not elected back to Congress from Tennessee The Men that Dared to Disagree “I’m going to Texas.  Henry Clay, Kentucky, felt like the US should act as parents to the Native tribes.

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Some Native Americans tried to stop their removal  Sac and Fox  Creek  Choctaw  Cherokee  Seminoles

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Sac (Sauc) and Fox tribes:  Chief Black Hawk signed a treaty giving away their land for land in the west.  The land was no good and they were starving.  They went back to Illinois.  Black Hawk War 1832  Illinois Militia outnumbered tribes but many were drunk; militia was chased 25 miles in what is now called “Stillman’s Run”.Stillman’s Run”  Sac and Fox tribes started to terrorize the frontier by burning farms and scalping settlers.  1,300 troops were sent and the tribes tried to surrender  Militia and federal troops massacred about 500, including women and children, that were trying to retreat over the Mississippi River Chief Black Hawk

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Choctaw: Choctaw  Chief Pushmataha wouldn’t take Jackson’s offer of land in the west because he knew it was no good.  Jackson warned them that if they didn’t move west he would destroy their nation.  1831 Choctaw were the first tribe to walk the “Trail of Tears”  Malnutrition, exposure and cholera killed many. Chief Pushmataha

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Creek:  Fought with armed conflicts  Chief McIntosh sold Creek land for $200,000 and was killed by the Creeks Chief McIntosh  1836 Creeks walked the “Trail of Tears”  About 3,500 died on the walk out of 15,000

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Cherokee:  Chose to assimilate to the white way of life by:  creating single family farms  Sequoyah made the Cherokee alphabet (syllabary)  Converted to Christianity  Created a newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix  Adopted a constitution which gave them sovereignty over their land  Created a legislature  Printed bibles Sequoyah What is assimilate? To bring in another culture’s way of life

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  The State of GA:  Didn’t like the Cherokee living in GA without having to follow the laws of GA.  Ended tribal rule and stated that the Cherokee were under GA’s rule  Didn’t let whites work with the Cherokee  Rev. Samuel Worcester brought it to the Supreme Court so that he could continue to work with the Cherokee in “Worcester vs. GA”  Supreme Court Justice John Marshall sided with the Cherokee and ruled GA’s law unconstitutional.  Jackson disagreed that tribes were independent nations and is said to have stated “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it”. John Marshall What is unconstitutional? A law or decision that goes against the Constitution

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  The Cherokee didn’t leave because of the ruling of Worcester v. GA.  Gold was found in Northern GA on Cherokee land which started the first US gold rush.  Treaty of Echota:  Signed by a minority of Cherokee  Agreed to move west  $5 million was given to them  Chief John Ross protested to the US Senate not to accept it but they did.  Most didn’t leave until 1838 when the army forced them  About 4,000 out of 15,000 died on the “Trail of Tears”. John Ross

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Video stop at 1:50 Video

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude  Seminoles  Florida  Led by Osceola  US captured and shipped many Seminoles up the Mississippi River to Indian Territory  Military spent about $20 million and had 1,500 casualties  President Tyler ended the Seminole War with no treaty ever being signed in Osceola

Jackson’s Native American Policy Reflected Frontier Attitude Native American Indian Territory

Essential Questions  How did Jackson’s policies affect the political, economic, and social life of the nation?  How was Jackson viewed by different groups of people?

Notes to Teachers  Enrichment: give your students this link to watch at home about the Cherokee. It is over an hour long so it is not so good in school. in/the_films/episode_3_trailer in/the_films/episode_3_trailer  Slide 7 & 23: Abraham Lincoln was part of the militia that came afterwards and helped to bury the dead. He was a captain.