BIO132 Lab 9 Urinary System Exercises 40 & 41A / 41 Figure 40.1

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Kidney 4X objective (40X) 10X objective 40X objective (100X) (400X) Cortex Glomeruli Proximal Convoluted Tubules Distal Convoluted Tubules Medulla Nephron Loops Collecting Ducts 10X objective (100X) Distal Convoluted Tubule 40X objective (400X) Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Glomerular capsule Capsular space Czura 2005

Chronic Pyelonephritis 4X objective (40X) Chronic Pyelonephritis Note inflammation of all the tubules (lumens and spaces filled in by leukocytes) 10X objective (100X) 40X objective (400X) Czura 2005

Chronic Pyelonephritis Normal Kidney 40X objective (400X) Czura 2005

Figure 40.2

Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium Urinary Bladder Lumen 4X objective (40X) Detrusor muscle 10X objective (100X) 40X objective (400X) Lamina propria Lumen Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium Lamina propria Detrusor muscle Czura 2005

Ureter 10X objective (100X) 40X objective (400X) Czura 2005 Adventita Smooth muscle circular Smooth muscle longitudinal Lamina propria Transitional epithelium Lumen Czura 2005

Most common components of urine: 1. Water 2. Urea: protein catabolism 3. Sodium 4. Potassium waste ions 5. Phosphate 6. Sulfate 7. Creatinine: muscle metabolism (creatine phosphate) 8. Uric acid: nucleic acid catabolism

Exercise 41A / 41 Urinalysis: Work in pairs/small groups Test one normal & one abnormal sample as provided Do dipstick first: record all data Do three test tube experiments: sulfates, phosphates, chlorides (instructions on side of room: leave waste at stations-do not dump chemicals down the sink!)

Specific Gravity = relative weight; amount of solutes (“stuff”) in it. Pure water 1.000 Higher numbers indicate more solutes 1.001 is dilute urine e.g. diabetes insipidus, chronic renal failure, diuretic use, drinking too much water >1.030 is too concentrated e.g. dehydration, fever, pyelonephritis, diabetes mellitus Substances in excess can crystallize into renal calculi

pH 4.5 – 8.0 diet related High protein and wheat diets = acid Veggie diets = alkaline Leukocytes: not normal, indicates UTI or other inflammation Nitrites: not normal. Nitrates are normal wastes from foods, bacteria metabolize it into nitrite, indicates UTI

Protein = albumin, should not be filtered at kidney, generally some kind of vascular trauma in kidney e.g. hypertension, glomerulonephritis, toxins Glucose, not normal, present in urine when renal threshold exceeded, indices excessive levels in blood e.g. diabetes mellitus Ketones, not normal, product of lipid & protein catabolism, present when renal threshold exceeded e.g. starvation, diabetes mellitus

Urobiliogen (breakdown product of bilirubin) & Bilirubin = bile pigments, indicates liver pathologies e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones RBC = blood, indicates damage to kidney/UT Hemoglobin = lysis of RBC e.g. infections, toxins

Sulfates: common waste ion of animal protein catabolism Phosphates: common in cells and skeleton, waste ion in blood Chloride: common form of sodium in diet is NaCl, Cl has no direct activity in human physiology, common waste ion