1 The International Response to Complex Emergencies FAO Photo

2 Complex Emergencies Definition

3 Complex Emergencies Who is responsible and who coordinates?

4 Who is a Refugee? Definition

5 The UN System

6 GENERAL ASSEMBLY GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL SECURITY COUNCIL SECRETARIAT TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL INTRNTNL. COURT OF JUSTICE INTRNTNL. COURT OF JUSTICE OCHA DPA DPKO DA HCHR/CHR DGSRDP ILO FAO UNESCO WHO WBG IMF WMO IAEA UNRWA UNCTAD UNICEF UNHCR WFP UNITAR UNDP UNEP THE UN STRUCTURE 5 PRINCIPAL ORGANS ICAO UPU ITU IMO WIPO IFAD UNIDO Specialised Agencies

7 NATO The “International System” IFRC Refugees - IDPs, Besieged donors host government local population national/local NGOs UNHCR intergovernmental organizations Other UN agencies media international NGOs media ICRC Red Crescent Can anyone coordinate this? WFP UNICEF UNDP OCHA

8 Coordination in the UN System Mandates Standards Structures Tools

9 Mandates Pre-defines (broadly) the activities of each UN body –e.g. WFP is the Food organisation of the UN, UNHCR is the refugee organisation of the UN

10 Standards Common emergency standards and indicators provide benchmarks for common objectives and action

11 Structures The Secretary General can put in place one of four structures for field coordination: –Resident Coordinator –Lead Agency –Humanitarian Coordinator –Regional Humanitarian Coordinator

12 Tools UN Agencies can use tools which help coordination e.g. –Joint Contingency Planning –Consolidated (joint) appeals –Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) –Joint Training

13 Spectrum of Coordination Activities Information sharing Collaboration Joint Field/HQ Planning and Programming “SOFT” “HARD”

14 Coordination and time: The rule of diminishing returns? TIME Crisis  Humanitarian Expansion  Programme Normalization  Transition COORDINATION INPUTS NEEDED

15 COORDINATION MECHANISMS Or “practical applications - what do we do now?”

16 5 Factors for Analysing Coordination Mechanisms HIGH LOW LOCATION HIGH LOW MEMBERSHIP HIGH LOW AUTHORITY HIGH LOW FORMALITY HIGH LOW RESOURCES

17 1. Location High =co - located, CIMIC, CIMOC, OSOCC, HIC, or other mechanism based on a fixed, shared location for coordination Low =Locations are separate: rotating or roving meeting venues, tele - conferences, published and disseminated guidelines or standards, etc.

18 2. Membership High =Inclusive, everyone is invited or involved. Low =Exclusive, tends to focus on few(er) players in order to make progress on key areas faster.

19 3. Authority “I can’t make anybody give me a paper clip, let alone follow a programme” Quote from a senior coordinator in the Great Lakes Region High = Mandated or other high-level authority, based in law, internationally accepted agreements, or organizational hierarchy Low = Not supported by force of law, mandate, or high organizational position

20 4. Formality High = Well known protocols and procedures involved, rules and patterns of operation are widely known and highly predictable Low =Ad hoc, may be in constant state of revision, development, evolution, and is therefore unpredictable

21 5. Resource Level High =Well funded, staffed, and equipped with dedicated resources Low = Unsupported by specific budget or other specifically designated staff or equipment

22 Some Examples of International Humanitarian Coordination Mechanisms

23 Government Coordination Lower Level UN & Internationals Coordination Lower Level JOINT COORDINATION HIGHER LEVEL Kukes - “Horseshoe” mechanism Location -Joint Membership-Inclusive Authority-High Formality-High Resources-High Location -Separate Membership-Exclusive Authority-Medium Formality-Low Resources-Low

24 JOINT COORDINATION MIDDLE LEVEL EMG Tirana - “Integrated” coordination meeting mechanism Location - Co-located Membership- Inclusive Authority- High Formality- High Resources- High

25 Parallel Meetings Mechanism Turkey/Kurdish Influx 1991 or Lifeline Sudan Government Coordination lower level UN & Internationals Coordination Lower Level Government Coordination Higher level UN & Internationals Coordination Higher Level Location -Separate Membership-Exclusive Authority-High Formality-High Resource- ?