We will: look at the reason’s that people from other countries came to America in the late 1800’s. I will: evaluate how immigration, internal migration and urbanization transformed American Life

1. VS. Natural Disasters War Famine Lack of Opportunity Persecution (P/R) Jobs Freedom (P/R) Land Family

Push/Pull Factors – 1890’s Ireland → potato famine Russia → religious persecution Italians/Asians → work My cousin wrote me a letter from America. He says he's making good money -- much more than he ever had at home. The factory works around the clock, every day, even Sunday! They always need new workers. He promises me I will have work if I come! I can stay at the boarding house where he stays. --Josef, Poland, 1905

2.A Result of Population Patterns Change D. Population Density in NORTH- EASTERN Cities

3. Settle in ghettos in City 12. SE Europe (It, AH, Pol, Russia) 1820-1860 11. NW Europe (I, G, UK) Settled Frontier Literate Educated Protestant Skilled 18. Assimilated 1880-1920 3. Settle in ghettos in City 12. SE Europe (It, AH, Pol, Russia) 1. Jewish and Catholic Illiterate 6. Lack Education 19. “Sold” idea of America the land of opportunity Poor No English Political Bosses Less Likely to Assimilate 19. "Sold" the idea of America the land of opportunity

Whole system worked on “patronage” & “graft” Political bosses → politicians from your neighborhood → who could “GET THINGS DONE!” Bosses → part of a political machine → Political Party that dominated the city Whole system worked on “patronage” & “graft” Appt.’s to government jobs as long as you voted for the “right guy”. Handouts, freebies, WELFARE!

3. Immigrants came to work: Steel plants. Coal mines. Construction. Stores. Factories.

4. LIFE In America 4.A Tenements → a block of apartments Crowded – Smelly – Dirty

Tenement Life: Small, cramped on the inside. Pretty dirty on the outside too.

Sanitation in big cities were lacking. Toilets were outside.

Urban housing was overcrowded and unsanitary Urban housing was overcrowded and unsanitary. Many found it very difficult to accept. An old Italian saying summed up the disillusionment felt by many: "I came to America because I heard the streets were paved with gold. When I got here, I found out three things: First, the streets weren't paved with gold; second, they weren't paved at all: and third, I was expected to pave them." In spite of the difficulties, few gave up and returned home.

As you might expect… Crime rates began to climb. Gangs began to form.

Transportation was improving. Trollies Subways Cars Trains

As transportation improves, people can now start to live outside of the urban center → “suburbs” now start to form. Long Island →

People in cities could now commute to work. The 1st subway in NYC.

Nativism: Cause and Effect Nativism: Definition  Causes of Nativism? Religious differences Competition for Jobs cause lower wages lack of willingness to assimilate  Effect of Nativism? Job Discrimination Anti-Imm. Groups Anti-Imm Laws

Government enacts Anti-Immigrant Laws Chinese Exclusion Act 1882-1943 First time gov’t restricts immigration targeting one racial group National Origins Act 1920-1961 Pressure from Nativist groups and labor unions Est. a 2% Quota on Immigration Purpose: To reduce immigration as a whole To target “undesirable” immigrants more than “desirable” immigrants!

HOW IT WORKS Take total # of people living in America from each foreign nation. Take 2% of that number to determine how many immigrants are allowed into the Nation per year Example: Great Britain: Immigrating to America since 1607 Population in 1920: 3.5 Million @ 2% = 70,000 Italy: Immigrating to America around 1880 Population in 1920: 200,000 @ 2% = 4000 per year How does the National Origins Act accomplish it’s PURPOSE?

SAQ Practice