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LESSON 1Difficulties With Mexico Why does conflict develop? What caused tensions between the Anglo American settlers in Texas and the Mexican government?

1.A land speculator is someone who studies farming techniques. 2.The Republic of Fredonia was located in Nacogdoches in Texas. 3. Manuel de Mier y Terán was the president of Mexico. 4. The Mexican government wanted to maintain slavery in Texas. 5. The Law of April 6, 1830, encouraged immigration to Texas from the United States. 6. Texas settlers did not like the Law of April 6, Commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services. 8. The fi rst skirmishes between Texans and Mexican troops took place at Anahuac. 9. The Texans passed a series of resolutions at Anahuac. 10. Most Texans preferred a Centralist government over a Federalist government. 11. The Convention of 1832 resulted in a state constitution for Texas. 12. Stephen F. Austin presided over the Convention of The Convention of 1833 was more successful than the Convention of Sam Houston was put in prison for many years in Mexico. A D 15. Santa Anna supported separate statehood for Texas

The period of the Empresarios — When Spain and then Mexico opened Texas to settlement in the early 1820s—had tremendous impact on the region. Attracted by cheap land, thousands of Anglo Americans moved to the area. Within ten years new towns arose and trade grew.

Centralists Bring Changes During most of the 1820s, the Federalists held power in Mexico. In 1829, the Centralists gained control of the Mexican government. The Centralists issued regulations to bring the states and provinces of Mexico, including Texas, more closely under the authority of the national government. These changes prompted protests from the Anglo Americans in Texas, creating additional tensions between the settlers and the government of Mexico. However, tensions had existed even before the Centralists came to power. The first conflict between the settlers and the Mexican government came in 1826, and it involved the Nacogdoches land grant.

The Nacogdoches Land Grant In 1825, Haden Edwards, a wealthy land speculator received a land grant in the Nacogdoches area. Edwards found many people already lived on land within his grant. Troubles in the colony continued, and settlers complained to officials. While Edwards was away from his colony, he left his brother Benjamin in charge. His brother annoyed Mexican officials with a number of angry letters. Finally, government officials decided to cancel Edwards’s land grant.

Summarizing How did political change in Mexico create tensions between Texas settlers and the Mexican government?

Change Creates Tension Main Ideas A Centralist government in Mexico imposed new rules on settlers in Texas. The Nacogdoches land grant gave Haden Edwards a large area in East Texas. People living on the land were required to show a title or pay Edwards. The Mexican government finally canceled the land grant, which angered Edwards.

Skills Practice Before you read about difficulties with Mexico, make a graphic organizer with three columns. In the first column, record what you know about the topic. In the second, write what you would like to learn. Use the third column to record what you learn as you read.

The Fredonian Rebellion and Aftermath What were the causes and effects of the Fredonian Rebellion?

The Republic of Fredonia In November, followers of Edwards seized Edwards himself, Norris, and others, and charged them with crimes. When Mexican officials in San Antonio heard of this, Mexican troops go to Nacogdoches. That’s when Benjamin Edwards, Haden’s brother, decided to take bold action and proclaimed the creation of a new independent state, Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence on December 21, The Edwards brothers asked for help from Austin’s colony and from the United States, but they received no assistance. Stephen F. Austin even helped the Mexican government put down the revolt. When Mexican troops from San Antonio approached Nacogdoches in January 1827, the Fredonian Rebellion collapsed.

The Mier y Terán Report The Fredonian Rebellion was a minor incident, and the rebels had little support among Anglo Americans. Nevertheless it worried Mexican officials. Mexican officials sent General Manuel de Mier y Terán. After touring Texas for about two months, Mier y Terán wrote his report expressing concern about the growing American influence in Texas. Mier y Terán believes prompt action was essential. He recommended several steps. 1. More troops around the settlements, 2. attract more Mexican and European settlers, and 3. develop more trade between Texas and Mexico.

The Slavery Issue While Mexican officials considered Mier y Terán's report, Anglo Americans worried that the government would abolish, or end, slavery. Texans had long argued against such an action, with Austin and Erasmo Seguín taking major roles in convincing the government of Mexico to allow slavery. Those efforts seemed to be undone in That year the president of Mexico issued a decree, or order, abolishing slavery. The order was never actually enforced in Texas. Even so, it worried Anglo American slaveholders, who believed that it was only a matter of time before slavery became illegal.

Making Connections How did the Fredonian Rebellion lead to the Mier y Terán Report?

The Fredonian Rebellion and Aftermath Main Ideas In 1826 supporters of Edwards rebelled against Mexico and established the short-lived Republic of Fredonia. General Manuel de Mier y Terán told the Mexican government it needed to take action to stop American influence in Texas. The Mexican government abolished slavery in 1829, which worried Anglo American slaveholders, but never enforced the order in Texas.

On April 6, 1830 the government of Mexico issued a law based on many of Mier y Terán’s recommendations. What became known as the Law of April 6, 1830, had a significant impact on Texas.

The Law of April 6, 1830 How did settlers in Texas react to the Law of April 6, 1830?

Provisions of the Law The government encouraged the immigration of Mexican and European families to Texas with generous land grants and financial assistance. A key part of the law was Article II, which stopped immigration from the United States into Texas. It also suspended most empresario contracts that had not been fulfilled. This part of the law read as follows:

“[I]t is prohibited that emigrants from nations bordering on this Republic shall settle in the states or territories adjacent to their own nation. Consequently, all contracts not already completed and not in harmony with this law are suspended.” —Texas Gazette, July 3, 1830

The Law of April 6, 1830 Also set up new forts. Soldiers in the forts would prevent smuggling, the introduction of additional enslaved people, and illegal land speculation. Mexico discouraged trade between foreign nations and Texas by placing taxes called duties on goods made in foreign nations. The government took this step to try to increase trade between Texas and Mexico.

Reaction in Texas Anglo settlers in Texas were alarmed by the Law of April 6, The success of many settlers depended upon the continued growth of trade with the United States. Many also had friends and relatives who wanted to come to Texas. The ban on bringing in enslaved people revived fears that slavery would be outlawed in Texas. The Law of April 6, 1830, was an early turning point in relations between the colonists and the Mexican government. Each side began to distrust the other. Stephen F. Austin tried to negotiate with Mexican leaders. He soon realized that serious damage had already been done to relations between Texans and the Mexican government.

Drawing Conclusions Why would Mexico welcome European settlers to Texas but not American settlers ?

The Law of April 6, 1830 Main Ideas The Law of April 6, 1830, was based on Mier y Terán’s recommendations. The law encouraged Mexican and European families to immigrate to Texas, stopped immigration from the United States, and added taxes to all foreign goods entering Texas. Soldiers in newly built forts made sure the law was followed. Anglo American settlers were upset about the new law, and the relationship between Texas and the Mexican government worsened.

U.S. Interests in Mexican Texas In the late 1820s and early 1830s, some Mexican officials greatly distrusted American intentions in Texas. One such official remarked, "When others send invading armies, [the Americans] send their colonists." While the Law of April 6 tried to limit American immigration to Texas, Mexico could not enforce the ban. U.S. officials also did little to stop American immigrants, further raising Mexican suspicions.

Review lesson 1 1. Define the word duty and use it in a sentence about the Law of April 6, Describing How did the rise of Mexico’s Centralist party to power in 1829 affect slavery in Texas? 3. Identifying Cause and Effect What events led to the Fredonian Rebellion? 4. Summarizing What recommendations did Mier y Terán make to the Mexican government in his report? 5. Sequencing Did the United States offer to buy Texas from Mexico before or after the Law of April 6, 1830? 6. Identifying Points of View What did Stephen F. Austin realize after negotiating with Mexican leaders about the Law of April 6, 1830? 7. NARRATIVE Suppose that you are a colonist in Texas in Write a letter to your family explaining how the Law of April 6, 1830, will affect their plans to join you in Texas.