Standard 2 Objective 1 Study Notes Plate Tectonics 1

1. The lower boundary of Earth’s crust is called the ______. moho

2. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the ______________. asthenosphere

3. All of the following are important sources for energy in the Earth system EXCEPT _______ _______. waterenergy

4. The force of attraction that exists among all matter in the universe is called _______. gravity

5. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process called ___________. convection

6. An area where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected is called a ________ _____. shadowzone

7. The composition of Earth’s interior affects the _______ and _________ of seismic waves. speeddirection

8. P waves are the ______ body waves. fastest

9. A modern seismograph consists of ______ sensing devices. three

10. To find the distance to an earthquake’s epicenter, scientists analyze the arrival times of the ___ waves and ___ waves. PS

11. The structure of Earth’s interior affects the _____ and ________ of seismic waves. speeddirection

12. ______ rebound is the sudden return of deformed rock to its undeformed shape. Elastic

13. P waves travel fastest through very ______, not easily ___________ materials. compresseddense

14. Earth’s interior affects the speed and direction of __ waves and __ waves. P S

15. Chemical composition of Earth’s layers allow scientists to separate Earth into the_____, ______ and _____ layers. corecrustmantle

16. ____________ ______and heat of formation are the two sources of Earth’s internal heat energy. Radioactivedecay

17. __________ is the movement of heated materials upward and the movement of cooled materials downward. Convection

18. Heat creates __________ currents in Earth’s mantle causing the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates. convection

21. Earth’s temperature warmed up by the _____________ of solid particles. bombardment

22. A __________ atom decays when it gives off a particle or radiation. radioactive

23. Seismic waves travel at different speeds, showing scientists that the layers have different ____________. compositions

24. Scientists infer the ___________ of Earth’s layers because they cannot gather samples from the layers. composition

25. Earth’s core must be composed of _____ and ______ to create the magnetic field and density needed to match estimates of Earth’s mass. iron nickel

26. The ___________ of a meteorite resembles the Earth’s interior because they both formed from the same nebula. composition

27. Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere are different because they have different ________ (__________) properties. physical mechanical

28. Seismic waves indicate that the physical properties of the asthenosphere are more _____ than the lithosphere. fluid

29. The properties of the asthenosphere are important to _____ _________ theory because a fluid asthenosphere allows the plates to move. platetectonics

30. Heat from volcanic lava coming from near the asthenosphere is direct evidence scientists have concerning the ___________ of the asthenosphere. properties

The End