Chapter 2 Overview of Transaction Processing and ERP Systems Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-1 دکتر نصیری

Learning Objectives  Describe the four major steps in the data processing cycle.  Describe the major activities in each cycle.  Describe documents and procedures used to collected and process data.  Describe the ways information is stored in computer-based information systems.  Discuss the types of information that an AIS can provide.  Discuss how organizations use ERP systems to process transactions and provide information. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-2

Data Processing Cycle Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-3

The Data Processing Cycle Determines  What data is stored? ذخیره  Who has access to the data? دسترسی  How is the data organized? سازماندهی  How can unanticipated information needs be met? یافتن اطلاعات غیر قابل پیش بینی Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-4

Data Input—Capture  As a business activity occurs data is collected about: 1.Each activity of interest 2.The resources affected 3.The people who are participating Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-5

Paper-Based Source Documents  Data are collected on source documents  E.g., a sales-order form  The data from paper- based will eventually need to be transferred to the AIS  Turnaround  Usually paper-based  Are sent from organization to customer  Same document is returned by customer to organization Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-6 Turnaround Document

Source Data Automaton ماشین خودکار  Source data is captured داده ها زمانی بدست می آید که :  In machine-readable form توسط ماشین قابل خواندن باشد  At the time of the business activity در زمان انجام فعالیت تجاری  E.g., ATM’s; POS Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-7

Data Input—Accuracy and Control  Well-designed source documents can ensure that data captured is  Accurate صحت  Provide instructions and prompts  Check boxes  Drop-down boxes  Complete کامل بودن  Internal control support  Prenumbered documents Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-8

Data Storage ذخیره اطلاعات  Types of AIS storage:  Paper-based کاغذ  Ledgers کل  Journals روزنامه  Computer-based Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-9

Ledgers دفتر کل  General کل  Summary level data for each:  Asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense  Subsidiary معین  Detailed data for a General Ledger (Control) Account that has individual sub- accounts  Accounts Receivable  Accounts Payable Joe Smith $250 Patti Jones $750 A/R $1000 ACME Inc.$150 Jones, Inc $350 A/P $600 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-10

Journals دفتر روزنامه  General عمومی  Infrequent or specialized transactions ثبت رویدادهای غبرعادی و غیر تکراری - مثل بستن حسابها  Specialized اختصاصی  Repetitive transactions رویدادهای تکراری  E.g., sales transactions Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-11

Coding Techniques  Sequence  Items numbered consecutively  Block  Specific range of numbers are associated with a category  10000– = Electric Range  Group  Positioning of digits in code provide meaning  Mnemonic  Letters and numbers  Easy to memorize  Code derived from description of item  Chart of accounts  Type of block coding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-12 Digit PositionMeaning 1–2Product Line, size, and so on 3Color 4–5Year of Manufacture 6–7Optional Features = Dishwasher 4 = White 10 = = No Options

Computer Based Storage  Entity  Person, place, or thing (Noun)  Something an organization wishes to store data about  Attributes  Facts about the entity  Fields  Where attributes are stored  Records  Group of related attributes about an entity  File  Group of related Records Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-13

File Types انواع فایل ها - پوشه ها  Transaction مبادلات  Contains records of a business from a specific period of time  Master  Permanent records دائمی  Updated by transaction with the transaction file به روز شده  Database  Set of interrelated files دسته بندی فایلهایی که مناسبات مشترک دارند Transaction File Master before Update Updated Master File Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-14

Data Processing پردازش اطلاعات  Four Main Activities 1.Create new records ایجاد ثبت جدبد 2.Read existing records خواندن ثبت های موجود 3.Update existing records به روز رسانی ثبتهای موجود 4.Delete records or data from records حذف ثبت ها Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-15

Data Output Types نوع خروجیها  Soft copy  Displayed on a screen بر روی صفحه مانیتور  Hard copy  Printed on paper پرینت بر روی کاغذ Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-16

ERP Systems Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-17

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)  Integrate an organization’s information into one overall AIS یکپارچگی  ERP modules:  Financial مالی  Human resources and payroll منابع انسانی  Order to cash  Purchase to pay  Manufacturing  Project management  Customer relationship management  System tools Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-18

ERP Advantages  Integration of an organization’s data and financial information یکپارچگی  Data is captured once یکبارکاری  Greater management visibility, increased monitoring میدان دید بالا = دیده بانی  Better access controls دستیابی و کنترل  Standardizes business operating procedures استاندارد کردن  Improved customer service خدمات مشتری  More efficient manufacturing بازدهی بیشتر Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-19

ERP Disadvantages  Cost هزینه  Time-consuming to implement زمان  Changes to an organization’s existing business processes can be disruptive نفاق افکن  Complex پیچیدگی  Resistance to change مقاومت Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education 2-20