The Nervous System.

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Presentation transcript:

The Nervous System

4 Functions of the Nervous System Gathers information both from the outside world and from inside the body. Transmits the information to the processing area of the brain and spinal cord. Processes the information to determine the best response. Sends information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the Brain and the Spinal Cord the Spinal Cord carries messages from the body to the Brain where they are analyzed and interpreted response messages are then passed from the Brain through the Spinal Cord and to the rest of the Body.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the neurons NOT Included in the Brain and Spinal Cord Afferent Neurons Collect Information from the Body and Transmit it TOWARD the CNS. Efferent Neurons Transmit Information AWAY from the CNS.

The Somatic Nervous System regulates activities that ARE UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL, movement of skeletal muscles. many nerves within this system are part of reflexes and can act automatically.

The Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary activities are not under conscious control is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the functioning of organs EXAMPLES: heart beat, digestion, breathing

Sympathetic Nervous System generally ACTIVATES ORGANS or SPEEDS UP

Parasympathetic Nervous System generally RETARDS ORGANS or SLOWS DOWN Most organs are under control of both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons.

The Neuron

The Cell Body contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm responsible for most of the metabolic activity of the cell, including the generation of ATP and synthesis of protein

Dendrites short branch extensions spreading out from the cell body dendrites receive STIMULI and carry IMPULSES from the environment or from other neurons and carry them TOWARD the cell body.

AXON long fiber that carries impulses AWAY from the cell body each neuron has only ONE AXON ends in a series of small swellings called AXON TERMINALS Axons of most Neurons are covered with a Lipid Layer known as the MYELIN SHEATH.

The Myelin Sheath both Insulates and Speeds Up transmission of Action Potentials through the Axon In the PNS, is produced by SCHWANN CELLS, which surround the Axon GAPS in the Myelin Sheath along the length of the Axon are known as the NODES OF RANVIER

Characteristics of Neurons Nervous messages are called impulses. A Neuron carries impulses in only ONE direction Impulses are in the from of electric signals

Interneurons, Efferent or Motor Neurons, Afferent or Sensory Neurons Types of Neurons Interneurons, Efferent or Motor Neurons, Afferent or Sensory Neurons

Afferent Neurons (Sensory) carry impulses from the SENSE ORGANS to the Brain and Spinal Cord detect external or internal changes and send the information to the Central Nervous System by way of the Afferent Neurons

Efferent Neurons (Motor) carry impulses from the Brain and Spinal Cord to MUSCLES or GLANDS in response to impulses, Muscles Contract and Glands Secrete

Interneurons Connect Sensory and Motor neurons and carry impulses between them are found entirely within the Central Nervous System