Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

Civil War and Revolution  Objectives: –Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and Parliament. –Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the English Civil War. –Identify who would have supported the two sides in the English Revolution. –Investigate what led to the downfall of republican government in England.

Charles I and Parliament  Charles I believed in divine right of kings –Was married to a French Catholic princess  Parliament opposed his tax measures –Sent him the Petition of Rights The king could not tax people without Parliament’s permission The king could not declare martial law He could not board soldiers in private homes during peace times The king could not imprison people without a specific charge Charles signed petition, but dismissed congress

Charles I and Religion  Preferred Anglican church (video)video  Puritans felt it was too Catholic  Charles persecuted Puritans  Scotland’s state religion was Presbyterian –Charles sent troops to Scotland –Could not put down rebellion

The Long Parliament  Irish were dispossessed by British, treated brutally  Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army  Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents  Neither side would compromise  As a result Civil War broke out in 1642

English Civil War  Cavaliers –Called royalists, supported the king  Roundheads –Supported Parliament  Oliver Cromwell –Organized New Model Army and defeated Charles  Rump Parliament –Abolished monarchy and House of Lords –Proclaimed England a commonwealth –Tried Charles I for treason  Video Video

SECTION 1 Question: What were some of the causes of the English Civil War? Civil War and Revolution

SECTION 1 Civil War and Revolution longstanding conflict between royalty and Parliament general population rejected radical Puritans’ attempted changes in the church English Civil War efforts of Long Parliament to limit the monarchy’s power Irish rebellion

Cromwell’s Commonwealth  Raised money from taxes and land sales  Army was disciplined and powerful  Enemies had no organized army  Encouraged trade and manufacturing –Navigation Act of 1651 Said that all products had to be shipped by ships owned by country Cause a war with the Dutch Showed that England could protect commerce with its Navy  Ruled harshly for five years –Known as Protectorate

End of the Revolution  Cromwell quarreled with Parliament –Dissolved it –Cromwell died –Power went to his son Weak leader  Parliament invited Stewart prince to return –Charles II restored monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy in England  Objectives: –Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of Charles II and James II. –Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the monarchy after the Restoration. –Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited constitutional monarchy.

The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution  Charles continued aggressive commercial policies –Lead to conflicts with Dutch again –England gained colony of New Amsterdam and renamed it New York  Political parties develop –Charles tried to increase toleration for Catholicism –Tories supported Anglican Church –Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler  The Glorious Revolution –Bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy –Religious attitudes led to: Suspicion Conflict with Parliament Opposition to the kings’ policies Video

Changes in English Government  Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan –Said that anarchy was a state of nature  Johns Locke – Two Treatises of Government –Said that people had to give up some rights for a social contract –Said that people kept rights to life, liberty and ownership of property –Said that individual rights were more important that those of the government  Habeas Corpus Act and Declaration of Rights –Protected individuals against: Unfair arrest and imprisonment Unfairly high bail Cruel or unusual punishment –Lead to English Bill of Rights  Toleration Act and Act of Settlement –Religious freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews –Act of Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne

SECTION 2 Question: What laws did Parliament create to protect against arbitrary rule? Constitutional Monarchy in England

SECTION 2 Constitutional Monarchy in England Safeguard Habeas Corpus Act English Bill of Rights Act of Toleration protected individuals from unfair arrest and imprisonment declared Parliament would choose who ruled the country; subjected ruler to parliamentary laws; prohibited ruler from imposing taxes or maintaining an army in peaceful times without Parliament’s consent; guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament; gave citizens the right to petition the government; declared citizens should not be required to pay excessive bail or be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment granted Protestant dissenters some religious freedoms Purpose

Parliamentary Rule  Growing power of Parliament –Monarch must consult with Parliament –Development of cabinet and prime minister  Act of Union –United England and Scotland into Great Britain  Constitutional monarchy –Monarch remained head of state –Royal powers were limited by constitution

English Colonial Expansion  Objectives: –Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they accomplished. –Explore the results of the British mercantilist policy.

The Beginnings of the British Empire  Explorers and sea dogs –English sea captains who challenged the Portuguese and Spanish Monopolies of sea trade Plundered foreign ships Helped defeat Spanish Armada  The British in India –British East India Company Unofficial extension of British government Dominated European trade in India

The British in America  British settlements –Plymouth Mayflower Compact – 1620 – first constitution type document –Jamestown 1 st English Settlement in Americas – 1607  Mercantilism and the British colonies –Discouraged colonial manufacturing –Forced colonists to sell certain products only to Britain –Made colonies resent the motherland

Israel and the Occupied Territories SECTION 3 Question: What are some effects of mercantilism? English Colonial Expansion

SECTION 3 English Colonial Expansion conflict over resources aggression colonization Mercantilism

The Enlightenment  Objectives: –Identify the principal characteristics of Enlightenment thinking. –Analyze the similarities and differences in the ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.

Crusaders of the Enlightenment  Believed that natural law governed human behavior and that truth could be determined by logic, secularism, and individualism  Promoted the idea of rationalism –Human behavior could be explained by the scientific method

Political Criticism  Montesquieu –Government divided into branches to create checks on political power  Voltaire –Criticized intolerance and attempts to suppress personal freedoms  Rousseau –Distrusted reason –Opposed strong government –Supported popular sovereignty  Mary Wollstonecraft –1 st women’s rights activist

SECTION 4 Question: What were the beliefs of philosophers during the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment

SECTION 4 The Enlightenment edited Encyclopedia, criticized society wrote Spirit of the Laws, described “perfect” government wrote Candide, championed freedom of thought and religion wrote The Social Contract, believed in sovereignty DiderotMontesquieuVoltaireRousseau

The American Revolution  Objectives: –Explain how Americans responded to British policies after the French and Indian War. –Describe what type of government Americans set up after the American Revolution.

Empire and Conflict  British-French rivalry –Seven Years’ War; British won control of much of North America –VideoVideo  Increased imperial control –Sugar Act –Stamp Act –“taxation without representation”

Empire and Conflict  Intensified conflict –Colonists hardened their resistance to British policies –King George felt Parliament had too much power Had Lord North as Prime Minister to help carry out his poicies –3 groups concerning indpendence Patriots – wanted independence Loyalists (Tories) – did not want independence The other third chose no side

Empire and Conflict  British East India Company –Had a monopoly on tea –Angry colonist, dressed as Indians threw the tea over board (Boston Tea Party) videovideo  Intolerable Acts –Series of laws passed by Parliament under Lord North that the colonist could not tolerate (video)video Colonist closed Boston harbor Made the Continental Congress to decide what to do 1775 British troops began to feel threatened by colonists –Went to seize weapons from Lexington and Concord –A shot was fired that started the revolution Known as “Shot Heard Round the World” Video

SECTION 5 Question: What British policies were implemented in the mid- 1700s, and how did the American colonists react to them? The American Revolution

SECTION 5 The American Revolution Colonists were forbidden to settle in the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists felt that Britain was curbing their liberties. Britain wanted to avoid American Indian uprisings. British PolicyColonial ReactionPossible British Cause

American Independence  The Declaration of Independence (1776) –Government is created to protect individual rights and cannot exist without the consent of the governed, who can alter or abolish it –VideoVideo  The war for independence (1775 – 1783) –Weak American government –Brutal Hessian mercenaries –Strong American military leadership  War and peace –French alliance with United States, as well as Spain and Netherlands, brought American victory

Governing a New Nation  The Articles of Confederation (1777) –Weak central government –Placed power in individual states –VideoVideo  The Constitution 1787 –Federal government with three branches: Video Executive Legislative Judicial Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights (1 st ten amendments to constitution) videovideo  Effects of American independence –Democracy that inspired loyalty