The Enlightenment 1650ish-1800

Essential Questions: O Who should govern a nation? O How powerful/pervasive should that force of government be? O What’s the role of religion in society? O Should religion have a place in government? O How important is science to society?

Causes

Middle Ages O Europe: Feudalistic society O Kings had divine right to rule O No way to break free from the hierarchy— constraining

Renaissance Humanism O People are capable of thinking for themselves. O Individual Education (Humanities: grammar, rhetoric, Greek, history, moral philosophy, poetry) Erasmus, Holbein

Later Issues ( s) O Absolute monarchs O Government out of touch with its constituents O Nearly impossible to advance socially (no rags to riches) O Aristocracy became ruling class with advent of parliamentary systems of gov’t  Louis XIV ( )

“L’état, c’est moi.” “The state is me,” Louis XIV

The Three Estates, France O 17 th century O First estate: Louis XVI and clerics, most resources. Did not pay taxes. O Second estate: Noblemen and women, self- centered. Did not pay taxes. O Third estate (largest): Workers, artisans, etc. Did most of the work. Tax burden fell exclusively on them. No representation.

The Enlightenment O Occurred between approximate years of 1650s-1800 O Explosion in radical thought about organization of society and purpose of government O Value of Experimenting O Oxygen was named during this time period as was the idea of the element. O Lack of care for national borders O Philosophes O Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Newton, Rousseau, Montesquieu

Philosophes

Thomas Hobbes, O Absolutist O Leviathan (1651) O All individuals are naturally equal, but… O Leviathan=sea monster that devoured ships…used here as a symbol for the government., created to impose order

John Locke, O Tabula Rasa: blank slate O Importance of environment and reason vs. heredity and faith O No “divine right” O Man has natural rights: O Life O Liberty O Property O Gov’t that doesn’t approve should be abolished.

Baron de Montesquieu, O Believed in three branches of government with checks and balances

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, O Wrote about distaste for political and economic oppression O Good of the community > the individual O Government determined by its citizens

Exit Ticket O On your index card: 1. Briefly compare the Three Estates with the Middle Ages. 2. What is one of the Enlightenment’s essential questions? 3. What are philosophes? Name at least one. O Make sure you include your name.

Sources O O furl= content/media/rousseau.jpg&w=199&h=264&ei=TzE8UIKoE4qBrAHp3oG4CQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=722&sig= &page=1&tbnh=111&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=28&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:142&tx=45&ty=53 O O l= px- Leviathan_gr.jpg&w=200&h=307&ei=sDM8UIaXBYKdqQGrg4HABA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=393&sig= &page=1&t bnh=119&tbnw=77&start=0&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:170&tx=42&ty=48 O url= JohnLocke.png&w=220&h=284&ei=xDM8UM6mL4e2qAHr2YCYCg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=299&sig= &page=1&tb nh=122&tbnw=95&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:129&tx=40&ty=30 O url= QX5v4DgDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=247&vpy=144&dur=314&hovh=258&hovw=196&tx=99&ty=131&sig= &pag e=1&tbnh=116&tbnw=87&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:119 O Ua_9M:&imgrefurl= 0005D480/S017BC870.1/feudal- system.gif&w=287&h=384&ei=EDQ8UOKdJof7qgHrn4CADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=525&vpy=122&dur=407&hovh=210&hovw=155&tx=99 &ty=142&sig= &page=3&tbnh=159&tbnw=115&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:45,i:127 O efurl= _d._J._047.jpg/270px- Hans_Holbein_d._J._047.jpg&w=270&h=357&ei=KzQ8UMivHqbe2AWWvICoDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=178&vpy=153&dur=471&hovh=129& hovw=104&tx=108&ty=129&sig= &page=1&tbnh=117&tbnw=95&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:14227&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:142 O