Chapter 6.1 Child Development Labor and Birth Chapter 6.1 Child Development

Prenatal Development Preparing for Birth 40 weeks +/- 2 weeks Baby is shifting down Baby usually shifts into the head down

The Baby’s Arrival Lightening occurs Baby settles lower in pelvis Lightening may occur at different times When does lightening typically occur? First baby – few weeks before Later baby – few days before

The Baby’s Arrival What are the Early Signs of Labor? “show” or “bloody show” Mucus that plugs the uterus during pregnancy dissolves May occur a few days before birth

The Baby’s Arrival Water breaks Amniotic sac holding the amniotic fluid has broken Can be a trickle or a gush Sometimes happens when you are already at the hospital How soon should you deliver after the water breaks, and why? within 24-48 hours after this to protect the baby from infection

The Baby’s Arrival Contractions Tightening and releasing of muscles of the uterus Starts with shorter contractions more spaced out Builds up to frequent and long durations Is there lingering pain after the Baby is born from the contractions? Nope!

The Baby’s Arrival Fetal Monitoring Doctor’s monitor baby’s heart rate for indicators of stress throughout labor and birth

The Baby’s Arrival Inducing Labor Medication or “breaking the water” can start the labor process

The Baby’s Arrival False Labor Can happen hours or days before actual labor What signs do doctors look for to indicate false labor? Contractions are not regular Don’t become stronger over time End with light exercise, such as walking

The Baby’s Arrival Stages of Labor Stage 1: Contractions open the cervix Can take 6-18 hours Stage 2: The baby is born 1-2 hours for a first child, less after Stage 3: The placenta is expelled 10 – 30 minutes

The Baby’s Arrival First Stage Transition Contractions – cervix dilates Last about 60 seconds 5-6 minutes apart Transition Cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm Contractions last 90 seconds and are 2-3 minutes apart Most difficult time of labor

First Stage of Labor

Effacement

Second Stage of Labor Second stage of labor Push the baby out What is “relaxin” ? Hormone that allows pelvic bones and vaginal walls to stretch like rubber bands Baby’s head has a soft skull with five bones

Second Stage of Labor What if Baby is having trouble getting out? Episiotomy Forceps Vacuum Extractor

The Baby’s Arrival Third Stage of Labor Expel placenta Mom gets to rest briefly first, easy push

Third Stage of Labor Cord Blood What can stem cells be used for? Blood left in umbilical cord and placenta after birth Contains Stem Cells What can stem cells be used for? used to create all types of blood cells May be useful in treating blood-related illnesses

The Baby’s Arrival Cesarean Birth or C-Section Baby delivered through an incision in the abdomen What are the reasons for a C-Section Lack of progress Breech presentation Multiple births

Baby in Amniotic Sac

The Baby’s Arrival Premature Birth Babies born before 37 weeks 5-6% of all babies are born premature What are common risk factors for a premature baby? Mother’s who have already had a premature baby Mothers carrying twins or more Teenage mothers

The Baby’s Arrival Premature Babies… Are not ready to live outside mother’s womb Baby’s brain is not yet able to control body temperature, breathing and feeding Baby will be placed in an incubator How can you reduce your risk or premature delivery? eat properly and getting proper prenatal care

Activity Imagine that you are a nurse in the hospital’s birthing center. You receive the following phone calls from pregnant women or their spouses. How would you respond to the calls? Talk with a partner and write your responses.

Scenario 1 “Nurse, my wife is having contractions! I think we should get her to the hospital right away!”

Scenario 2 “Nurse, I’m really worried. A gush of fluid just flowed out of me. Does that mean the baby is in danger? What should I do?”

Scenario 3 “My contractions are five minutes apart. They’ve been holding steadily at about this cycle for more than an hour now. I’ve tried walking around, but the contractions continued. They’re so strong but not painful. Since I’ve already had two babies, I think I should go to the hospital soon- my last labor was very fast.”

Scenario 4 “Nurse, I’m having contractions eight minutes apart, and a little fluid is coming out. I’ve been pregnant only 35 weeks, so this is false labor, right?”

The Newborn Chapter 6.2

The Newborn How does the newborn feel at first? Tiny fingers and toes may be cold Keeping baby wrapped in blankets helps Knitted cap keeps their heads warm Hospitals usually put baby under warming lamps

The Newborn Lanugo Fine, downy hair Foreheads, back and shoulders More common in premature babies Soon disappears

Lanugo

The Newborn Vernix Thick, white cheesy substance Protects against constant exposure to moisture Usually mostly gone by due date Earlier baby is born, the more vernix there will be

Vernix

Baby born late…

Lanugo and Vernix – 24 Weeks

The Newborn Milia Tiny white bumps Nose and cheeks “baby acne” Last 7-10 days

The Newborn Umbilical Cord Stump Clamp placed on stump to prevent bleeding Removed before you go home

Umbilical Cord Stump

Long Finger and Toe Nails

The Newborn Stork Bites and Angel Kisses Red discoloration Typically on the back of the baby's neck or face Usually fade over time May return to a red color if the person is upset

The Newborn Apgar Scale Rates physical condition of baby Five factors checked at One minute Five minutes “Score” baby between 0 and 2 for each area Normal score – 6-10 Perfect Score – 10 Lower score means baby may need help

Apgar Scale

The Newborn Right after birth, the nurses examine baby Weight and height Dry off baby Apply antibiotic drops to eyes to prevent infection Injection of Vitamin K to prevent rare bleeding disorder

Chapter 6.3 Child Development The Postnatal Period Chapter 6.3 Child Development

The Postnatal Period How can you bond with a newborn? holding Rocking Singing to baby Why is bonding important? Help the baby’s brain to develop

The Postnatal Period Immediately after birth, if baby is healthy… Baby placed on mother’s tummy Baby can feel warm skin Hear mom’s heartbeat and voice Parents begin touching and talking to baby Eye contact Baby immediately will focus on parents face

The Postnatal Period If baby will be breastfed… What is Colostrum? Mom may begin nursing baby right away Baby is alert and has strong suck reflex at birth Each feeding session stimulates mom’s body to produce more milk What is Colostrum? high calorie, high protein early milk satisfies baby’s appetite and provides protection from illnesses

The Postnatal Period Nurses will help with feeding All babies lose weight during first few days of life Nurses in hospital will help with advice on bottle or breast feeding What is a Lactation Consultant? Professional breastfeeding specialists Show mom how to encourage enough milk and position baby Suggestions for feeding a sleepy baby

The Postnatal Period Caring for Premature Babies Many preemie’s spend time (few days to month or more) in NICU until organs develop enough to function independently Premature babies are usually fed through a tube in their stomach Lack ability to coordinate sucking and swallowing milk Breathing machines often used

The Postnatal Period Premature babies Babies born Have increased risk of medical and developmental problems How well baby does often depends on how close baby was born to actual due date Babies born 23-26 weeks have highest risk of complications Risks decrease at 28-30 weeks

The Postnatal Period When are premature babies able to go home? Breathe without a machine Drink (suck and swallow milk) Maintain a steady body temperature Maintain a weight of 5 lbs or more

The Postnatal Period Neonatal period: How long until you can go home? First month after delivery How long until you can go home? hospital – 2-3 days Alternative Birth center – 12 hours

The Postnatal Period Jaundice Happens in over 50% of newborns Causes baby’s skin and eyes to look yellow Occurs when baby’s liver can’t remove billirubin Untreated, jaundice can damage the nervous system

The Postnatal Period Rooming-In Advantages Means that baby stays with parents in hospital Advantages Babies cry less Generally have only one nurse Mom gets more rest Parents start learning how to care for baby right away

The Postnatal Period The Legal Stuff (Documentation) Birth Certificate Need for entrance in to school Parents and federal government both get one copy Social Security Number Need to claim tax exemption Obtain medical insurance coverage Take part in government programs

The Postnatal Period After the birth… Mom may be physically exhausted Hormone levels change Mom’s sleep may be interrupted by hungry baby If nursing, body is getting used to milk production

The Postnatal Period How is it different for mothers who have a c-section? Stay in hospital longer Often are more fatigued Have a longer recovery time

The Postnatal Period Physical Needs of New Mom Rest Exercise Try to sleep whenever baby sleeps Exercise Stretching and walking short distances Good Nutrition Especially important for nursing moms Plenty of fluids Medical Checkups 4-6 weeks postpartum

The Postnatal Period Emotional Needs of a New Mom Many women feel confused after birth Mood swings are common May cry for no reason Feel irritable, anxious or sad “baby blues” are very common – approx 50%

The Postnatal Period Postpartum depression Symptoms may include Intense feelings of sadness or crying a lot Having no energy Being overly anxious about the baby Having little interest in the baby Thinking of causing harm to self or baby Treatment is available Very important to talk with doctor about this

The Postnatal Period What is the difference between postpartum depression and “baby blues?” When symptoms continue or worsen over time.