English Intonation of Wh-type Greetings 研究生 : 莊舒萍 指導教授 : 鍾榮富 報告者 : 郭妙珊 學號 :NA1C0001

Background and Motivation  examination-oriented backgrounds in Taiwan  adopting traditional approaches ( GT, ALA)  ignoring communicative competence  Ts and Ss disregard pragmatic and intonation knowledge.  overemphasizing syntactic knowledge in educational context

Background and Motivation  Sparse researchers concentrated on the pragmatic meanings behind the intonation properties. (Niche)  Most Taiwanese Ss begin learning English with greetings. How are you and how do you do can be further explored from the pragmatic perspective.

Purpose of the Study 1.examining whether greeting expressions mean differently in accordance with diverse settings 2. identifying intonation pattern properties of pragmatic meanings 3. investigating the gap between EFL textbooks and authentic-like contexts (films), and students’ outcomes so as to know the degree of familiarity of pragmatic meanings and intonations

What? Research Questions 1.Do greeting expressions mean differently in different pragmatic contexts? 2.What intonation properties can help generalize the pragmatic distinction in each greeting expression? 3. To what extent do the college students’ perceptive knowledge and productive performance about pragmatic meanings and intonations differ from textbooks and films?

Literature Review  The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Fan (2009) Topic & Methods Pronunciation 1) College Ss 2) Recorded a short story before & after instruction Findings 1) Ss produced very little pitch accent difference 2) Pitch high was more difficult 3) Productive knowledge is more difficult to obtain than perceptual Inspiration 1) To investigate both Ss’ perceptual and productive knowledge 2) To focus on intonation rather than pitch accent

Literature Review  The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Hung (2008) Topic & Methods Pragmatics 1) College Ss 2) Conducted listening task 3) Comprehension of conversational implicature Findings Problem in interpreting the listening implicature: 1) implicature with little relevance 2) literal interpretation 3) learners’ assumption InspirationTo investigate the degree of familiarity of meanings and intonations

Literature Review  The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Huang (2009) Topic & Methods Pragmatics 1) 20 NSs + 60 Taiwanese Ss ( aged 18-29) 2) video-and- questionnaire Findings 1) EFL learners’ pragmatic knowledge was as well as NSs’. 2) Pragmatics is more important than grammar. InspirationTo adopt more authentic data

Literature Review  The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Nadeu and Prieto (2011) Topic & Methods Pitch range pragmatics 1) 20 native speakers of Catalan 2) Perceptual task with increased and decreased pitch range 3) Perceptual task with facial expression Findings 1) Pitch height influence the perception of politeness 2) Contextual information is important InspirationTo analyze pragmatic meanings could first

How? Research Methods  Participants:  52 five-year-system college Ss (2 nd graders)  5 ♂ + 47 ♀= 52 ( aged 16-17)  Only 4 Ss passed GEPT elementary level.  First language: Mandarin or Southern Min.

Research Methods  Target utterances:  how are youΔ ; how do you do □  Data collection: Good-Go Film corpus EFL textbooks (12) Students’ Oral record- ing (31) Students’ Checklist Pragmatic meaning 31 Δ(19  ) 11 □ (7  ) 14 Δ(9  ) 9 □ (7  ) Intonation pattern

Research Methods  Procedures of this research.  Browse abundant textbooks. One  Extract 14 audio files from 9 textbooks (Δ) and code them.  Extract 9 audio files from 7 textbooks ( □ ) and code them.  Browse film-corpus (GoodGo). Two  Record 31 audios from 19 films (Δ) and code them.  Record 11 audios from 7 films ( □ ) and code them. Three  Organize and generalize the data based on pragmatic meanings.  Cut the target utterance into words by applying Praat. Four  Run Huang’s (2005) computational analyzing software to get pitch values. (p0, p50 & p100)  Draw intonation curves by EXCEL and organize them with the Five data of Step Three.  Design the checklist based on the findings. Six  Conduct an oral recording and a perceptual task.  Compare the results of textbooks, films, and students’ oral Seven productive intonation and perceptual outcomes

Research Methods RQ1: Do greeting expressions mean differently in different pragmatic contexts? Instrument / SoftwarePurposeAnalysis Textbooks & Good-Go Film-corpus Collect dataBased on the contexts ( discourse approach)

Research Methods RQ2: What intonation properties can help generalize the pragmatic distinction in each greeting expression? Instrument / SoftwarePurposeAnalysis Praat softwareDivide the utterances into segments Huang’s softwareGain pitch & slope values EXCELDraw intonation contours Categorize the pitch movement Combine with the results of RQ1