INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY – ANATOMICAL TERMS / PLANES / & MOVEMENTS LECTURE BY DR. ANSARI, CHAIR- PERSON Tuesday, February 02,

Learning outcomes The students are able to define and demonstrate the anatomical position of the body. They are able to demonstrate the usage of anatomical terminology to relate the structures and planes of the body. Able to demonstrate the movements of the limbs and body. Able to classify the branches of anatomy. 2

DEFINITION OF ANATOMY It is the study of the structure of the human body. It is the science that deals with the structure and function of the human body. It is learnt by cutting/dissecting the parts of the body. ana = apart/ to cut up…Greek: the latin ‘to cut up’ give us dissect. 3

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ANATOMICAL POSITION It is an anatomical reference position. Body is erect standing position, Feet slightly separated, Arms hanging relaxed at the sides, Palms of hands facing forward. 5

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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY These are the imaginary planes that divides the body in to different parts. These planes are either vertically running/cutting the body or horizontally. These planes are FRONTAL/CORONAL,MEDIAN/ MID SAGITTAL,/HORIZONTAL & PARASAGITTAL. 8

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FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE It separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. 10

MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE It separates the body into right and left parts. 11

PARA-SAGITTAL PLANE It is a plane running/cutting the body parallel to the median plane. Examples of para-sagittal planes are mid-clavicular planes. 12

HORIZONTAL SECTION 13

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 14

TERMS OF RELATION OR POSITION Superior=Closer to the head. Inferior=closer to the feet. Posterior/dorsal= closer to the posterior surface of the body. Anterior/ventral=closer to the anterior surface of the body. 15

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Medial= lying closer to the midline. Lateral=lying further away from the midline Proximal= closer to the origin of a structure. Distal=further away from the origin of a structure. 17

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Superficial=on the surface of the body. Deep=inside the body/away from the body surface. Contralateral=on the other side/opposite side. Ipsilateral=on the same side. 19

External=being outside. Internal=being inside. Supine=face/palm up when lying on back. Prone=face/palm down when lying on the anterior surface of body. Cephalic=towards the head. Caudal=towards the tail/feet. 20

PRONE POSITION 21

SUPINE POSITION 22

TERMS OF MOVEMENTS Abduction=it is a movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane. Adduction=it is a movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane. Flexion= moving any thing in the sagittal plane. Extension =straightening it again. 23

ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION 24

Lateral flexion= is bending in the coronal plane. Rotation=it occurs around a vertical axis, or the main axis of the limb. Pronation=it is a movement at radio ulnar joints, after pronation thumb lies medially. Supination=it also occurs at ru/joints, thumb lies laterally in anatomical position. 25

Opposition=this movement takes place between thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers. Circumduction=it is a combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation. 26

OPPOSITION MOVEMENT 27

Protraction=moving forward along a surface. Retraction=moving backward along a surface. Elevation=raising a structure. Depression=lowering a structure. 28

SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS 29

RETRACTION OF SCAPULA 30

Subdivisions of anatomy Embryology=Examines development of adult structure from fertilized ovum. Cytology=Deals with the structure of individual cells. Histology=Deals with the microscopic study of tissues of the body. Neuroanatomy=Deals with the study of nervous system. 31

BRANCHES OF ANATOMY 32

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NEUROANATOMY 34

Subdivisions of anatomy Gross anatomy = Deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope. Surface anatomy= The internal organs /structures are projected on the body surface areas. Applied/clinical anatomy=The knowledge of anatomy is used to understand the clinical cases/conditions. 35

GROSS ANATOMY 36

SURFACE ANATOMY 37

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THANK YOU 39

References Clinically Oriented Anatomy-6 th Edition-Keith Moore (pages 4-11). minology.html minology.html logy logy portal.com/academy/lesson/gross-anatomy-of- the-human-brain-major-anatomical-structures- and-terminology.html#lesson portal.com/academy/lesson/gross-anatomy-of- the-human-brain-major-anatomical-structures- and-terminology.html#lesson 40