CBHS Year 12 Physical Education A.S. 2.2: Describe how functional anatomy & biomechanical principles relate to performing physical activity (weight training)

Course structure 12 lessons anatomy / 12 biomechanics Lecture style – You are responsible for your own notes. Miss a lesson – catch up! 4 credits NCEA level 2

Functional Anatomy Bones Anatomical terms of movement Planes of movement Joints Muscles Muscle action & control

The Skeletal System 206 bones in the skeleton Divided into 2 main groups Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Axial Skelton The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spine & rib cage. Like in a car, it supports the rest of the body. The skull: The cranium; 8 bones fused together The face – 14 bones, some fused some independent, e.g. jaw The spine: 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae The thorax: 12 pairs of ribs Top 10 pairs joined to the sternum at front by cartilage

Appendicular Skeleton 1. The shoulder girdle Consists of the clavicle joined to the top of the sternum at one end and holding the scapula away from the rib cage at the other. 2. The arm The humerus joins the ulnar and the radius at the elbow and, in turn these are joined to the highly mobile wrist and hand. 3. The wrist The ulnar and the radius join two rows of four carpal bones at the wrist

4.The hand The palm consists of 5 metacarpal bones, which join the phalanges of the thumb and fingers 5. The leg The femur is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body. The femur fits into a socket in the pelvis and at the other end, joins the tibia to form the knee joint. The patella in front protects the joint. The fibula acts as a support to the ankle and to the muscles of the lower leg. 6.The foot Seven tarsal and five metatarsals support the body weight. The 14 phalanges are much smaller than in the hand

Bones in the skeleton All bones in the body have a specific function. However, to learn all 206 bones is a little unrealistic. We will focus on some of the major players, in particular, those that act directly on major joints. On the handout, identify and label some of the main bones in the body.

Function of Bones 1. Framework – for the entire body 2. Protection – heart, brain and spinal cord 3. Levers – muscles are attached to bone 4. Storehouse for calcium – which may be remove to become part of the blood if there is not enough calcium in the diet. 5. Production of blood cells

Types of bone 1. Long bones – e.g. humerus, tibia, radius & phalanges 2. Short bones – e.g. carpals and tarsals 3. Flat bones – e.g. skull, ribs, pelvis or scapula. These give protection of the internal organs or an attachment for the large muscles 4. Irregular bones – e.g. face & vertebrae

Structure of a bone Try to identify the following features: Cancellous bone Compact bone Head Periosteum (‘skin’ surrounding the bone) Shaft Marrow cavity Bone marrow

Anatomical terms of reference From the anatomical position, we are able to use terms that help us to locate the systems of the body. The terms most commonly used are as follows: Superior – towards the head, or above Inferior – towards the feet, or below Anterior – front, or “in front of” Posterior – back, or “at the back of” Lateral – towards the side of the body, or away from the midline of the body Medial – toward the midline Proximal – closer to the top of a limb Distal – closer toward the bottom or end of a limb Supine – lying face upwards Prone – lying face downwards

Complete worksheet using this diagram to help you

Activity Make a sentence using anatomical terms with the following bones E.g. “the patella is superior to the metatarsals” Tibia / Femur Cranium / Ribs Coccyx / Ilium Sternum / Scapula Radius / Ulna

Planes of motion Frontal – involved when movement occurs to the side of the body, e.g. when a person is doing a cartwheel Transverse – involved when the body is bent over, e.g. when a person is doing a somersault Saggital – involved when the body is moving forward, e.g. when a person is running. These terms describe the way the body moves through them. There are three planes of motion in which we can move in space.

Joints There are three categories of joints, according to the degree of movement that each permits. a2bVC18 For this section of the lectures you can fill in the worksheet on joints.

Fibrous Joints Occur where bones are united, or fused, by fibrous tissue. E.g. Skull, pelvic bones

Cartilaginous Joints These joints occur where bones are united by intervening cartilage E.g. vertebral column, pubic bones

Synovial Joints The main feature of the synovial joint is it’s mobility. There are a number of common features in synovial joints We will look at these in more detail. Activity: refer to pg 5 in textbook and complete worksheet on the 8 common features of synovial joints.

Types of Synovial Joints Hinge Movement = back-and-forth like bending and straightening E.g. knee, knuckle, ankle, elbow Pivot Movement = rotation only E.g. between atlas & atlas, radius & humerus

Ovoid (ellipsoid) Movement = back-and-forth & side-to-side. No rotation E.g. between the carpals (wrist) & radius, metacarpal & phalange Gliding (plane) Movement = occurs when two joints with flat surfaces slide on each other but are restricted to limited movement by ligaments. Allow side-to-side & back- and-forth movement. E.g. between carpals, tarsals

Saddle Movement = side-to-side & back-and-forth movement. No rotation. E.g. between the carpal and metacarpal bones of the thumb Ball & Socket Movement = side-to-side, back-and-forth and rotation. E.g. hip, shoulder

Movements allowed by synovial joints 1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Circumduction 6. Rotation 7. Inversion 8. Eversion 9. Planterflexion 10. Dorsiflexion s-yOdW13ds

Homework Study the features of a knee joint. List at least 5 features you would find in a knee joint.

Knee joint dissection lab Investigation of a cattle knee joint Knee joint What type of joint is a knee joint? What are some of the features of a synovial joint? Follow instructions and complete worksheet.

Muscles There are 500 voluntary muscles watch?v=S6jVEYR7a8c& eurl= om/videosearch?q=arnol d+vs+lou&sitesearch Pre-test Complete the handout by identifying as many of the major muscles as you can.

A little more detail

Muscle action & control The prime mover is the major muscle used to initiate a particular movement, e.g. biceps brachii is the prime mover during flexion of the elbow. What is the prime mover during extension of the knee?

Skeletal muscles usually work in pairs The muscles which causes the movement is the agonist As the agonist contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes and lengthens. This is know as the antagonist. Synergists assist agonists and antagonists.