Perspectives and Methods

Biological Basis of Human Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Learning

Memory

Cognition

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What is a case study?

Research technique in which one person is studied in depth

What is correlation? AND What is the most important thing to remember about correlation?

Extent to which 2 things are related Correlation does NOT equal causation!

What is natural selection?

Traits that contribute to survival will be passed on to succeeding generations

Perspective that focused on the function of conscious experience

Functionalism

What is an independent variable? Dependent?

Independent: thing that is manipulated to see if there is a change in the depend. variable Dependent: thing that is influenced by the independent variable

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron

Action Potential

What is your frontal lobe responsible for?

Planning and judgment Motor cortex

The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential

Refractory Period

Part of the brain responsible for emotions like fear and anger

Amygdala

Hormone that is responsible for releasing strength and increasing endurance during stressful situations

Epinephrine

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Perception

Part of the eye that works with the iris to control the amount of light that enters the eye

Pupil

Trace the path of sound as it goes through your ear

Ear canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, auditory nerve

Kinesthetic v. Vestibular senses

Kinesthetic: general orientation of limbs Vestibular: orientation in space (upside down, spinning, etc)

Monocular depth cue that determines depth by noting that parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

Linear Perspective

Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli

Generalization

Who is responsible for the BoBo doll experiments?

Albert Bandura

What is negative reinforcement?

Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an undesirable event or state

ID the US;UR;CS;CR for Pavlov’s experiment

US: Meat PowderCS: Tuning Fork UR: DroolingCR: Drooling

Interval schedules deal with… Ratio schedules deal with…

Interval: time that has passed by Ratio: number of times something is done

Method of retrevial used by essay, fill-in- the blank, and short answer questions

Recall

Retrieval method used by multiple choice tests

Recognition

Part of your memory you are aware of – often called “working memory”

Short-term memory

What is implicit memory? What part of the brain processes these memories?

Memories of tasks and skills Cerebellum

What is the misinformation effect? Who did research on this?

Incorporating misleading info into one’s memory Elizabeth Loftus

Typical best example of a concept

Prototype

What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?

Phoneme: smallest unit of sound Morpheme: smallest unit of sound with meaning

What is intelligence?

Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation

What is the difference between achievement and aptitude tests?

Achievement: Achievement: Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished Aptitude: Aptitude: Tests that attempt to predict the test-taker’s future performance

What is validity?

Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to