Conclusion BACKGROUND Since the basis of this analysis is not based on the skill of the offender, but rather, an inherent dependence on environmental and social conditionings, it is possible to use measurable elements (such as slope) to narrow down areas of best suitability. In developing a predictive site model for clandestine disposal, several environmental factors are inherent in analysis : 1) Transportation of a corpse necessitates use of a covered, motorized vehicle in proximity to the location of disposal  local roads & highways 2) Greater slopes result in difficult grave digging or burial 3) Lakes, deep rivers, streams and other bodies of water are traditional sites of clandestine disposal Method In order to best formulate the areas where bodies are best concealed, the following factors were mapped: Results Despite Oakland’s vast urban centers, the most suitable clandestine disposal sites are located in the hills, regional park area and reservoir. While many areas in Oakland rank in the positive, dense urban areas are eliminated and specific sites are pinpointed with maximum suitability (darkest green). Most suitable dump sites for the city of Oakland. Population density display with homicides from the last 90 days as well as police stations overlayed. Closest facility network analysis applied to crime data of homicides from the last 90 days to create hypothetical routes to the most likely clandestine disposal body sites. In the city of OAKLAND Theodore Vadpey & June Thammasnong GEOGRAPHY C188: University of California, Berkeley Suitability Analysis Slope x flat +1 Flat x ≤ 15° ° -1 Slightly Steep 20 ° -2 Steep x ≥ 30 ° -3 Very Steep Vacant Lots +1 Population Density -2 Very Dense -1 Dense Sparse 2 Very Sparse Distance to Police Station -3 Extremely Close -2 Very Close -1 Close 0 Far Bodies of water ft stream buffer ft road buffer +1 Industrial area +1 Viewshed -1 visible +1 not visible PURPOSE To provide geographical analysis and geographic profiling as a building block for investigative strategies and as an analytical tool for tactical investigative forecasting by the Oakland Police Department and Special Victims Section. Suitability analysis with an overlay of recent homicide data (within the last 90 days), main streets (broadway, 14 th, telegraph) and police stations. The darkest green represents areas of best suitability for clandestine disposal. A map of suitability displayed where the darker green also represents areas of best suitability. There are several non-urban areas in the city of Oakland that are most suitable sites for clandestine burials and disposal. Although a case will always be subject to its specific details, GIS in crime data analysis would be a resourceful tool to narrow down and spatially interpret crime in Oakland. Points: -Police locations were created with new shapefile corresponding to addresses for police buildings found on google. -Homocide locations are georeferenced points from addresses provided by the Oakland Police Department. Rasters: The process for creating addable rasters was as follows: Areas of interest from features were selected and exported. (e.g. slopes above certain level) Features were then converted to rasters, paying attention to extent. Raster values (which were added to create the suitability map) were given using the reclassify tool. Raster values were added using the Raster Caluclator: [Raster1]+[Raster2]+[Raster3]... -The above process was used for: Soil clay content, industrial areas, vacant lots, population density and canopy. Combinations and other processes: -The DEM downloaded from USGS Seamless Server needed to be reprojected into feet in order for slopes to be calculated. After reprojecting using the project tool, slopes were calculated using Spatial Analyst. Slopes above 20 degrees were selected and exported. -Using Network Analyst, and then the Service Area tool, distances from police stations of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 feet were calculated. Setting the extent with Spatial Analyst, the feature was converted to a raster and reclassified. -Using Spatial Analyst, and the buffer tool, buffers of 45 meters were calculated for roads, buffers of 100 feet were calculated for streams. Values were reclassified. Closest Facilities: - Most suitable area points were created with new shapefile; points were placed on the raster map where values of +7 and above were found. -Using Network Analysis, and the Closest Facility tool, using homocides as facilities and most suitable areas as incidents, we found the closest route from real homocide sites to our assessed most suitable body disposal areas.