I. Review: Aryans & the Vedic Age

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 5: India’s First Empires: Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent (1000 BC – 500 AD)

I. Review: Aryans & the Vedic Age Indus River Valley Civilization… Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa… Sanskrit Writings: Vedas, Mahabharata, Ramayana

II. Hinduism A. Origins Oldest & most complex religions No single founder, text, or hierarchy No fixed dogma… Developed and changed over 3500 years Began w/ Aryans 750 million: mostly in India Regionalized…

II. Hinduism Beliefs 1. Universal Spirit: “God is one, but wise people know it by many names” …. Brahman, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

II. Hinduism B. Beliefs 2. Reincarnation *Atman… Moksha… Samsara * Reincarnation provides basis for caste system 3. Dharma [Ahimsa] & Karma

II. Hinduism Caste System 1. Origins 2. Social Order: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables 3. Effect… jatis…. Govt… Caste system a social ranking based on ideas of religious purity… may have helped people accept their place/ poverty 4. Women

II. Hinduism Sacred Texts “The gods love the obscure and hate the obvious” Vedas: collection of prayers & sacred verses; caste origin Upanishads: philosophy of Hindu beliefs; Brahman Brahamanas: instructions on rituals and sacrifice

II. Hinduism Sacred Texts 4. Mahabharata * Includes Ramayana & Bhagavad-Gita (“Song of God”) * Emphasizes struggle to do one’s duty

II. Hinduism Religious Practices Not eat beef or pork No alcohol Priests & gurus No higher or central religious authority (hierarchy) Personal shrines Diwali : “Festival of Lights”

II. Hinduism Religious Practices *Importance of the Ganges… Ghats “If only the bone of a person touch the water of the Ganges, that person shall dwell in heaven.” *Importance of the Himalayas… Mt. Everest & Yeti “The sight of the snow wipes out the sins of the world.”

III. Buddhism A. The Enlightened One: Siddhartha Gautama Life Before “Enlightenment” Buddha: “He Who Has Awakened”

III. Buddhism B. Basic Principles Four Noble Truths (outline) Ordinary Life is Full of Suffering. Suffering is caused by Selfish Desires. End suffering: end selfish desires. Way to end desire is to follow Eightfold Path.

III. Buddhism: Eightfold Path (Sheet)

III. Buddhism B. Basic Principles: Sacred Texts Tripitaka: “Three Baskets of Wisdom”

III. Buddhism C. Comparison w/ Hinduism Buddhism accepts Hindu concepts of karma, dharma, reincarnation, nonviolence Religious order: monks & nuns Rejects Hindu gods, rituals, priesthood (Buddhism has no gods) Rejects caste system: appeals to lower classes

III. Buddhism: Major Sects [D] Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Followed Buddha closest Only dedicated to reach nirvana Sangha: order of monks Celibacy, no alcohol Sri Lanka, SE Asia Bodhisattvas: saints Turned to for help and salvation Fellow humans who would help others achieve nirvana China, Tibet, Korea, Japan

III. Buddhism Major Sects Tibetian Buddhism Dalai Lama Opposition to Communist China

Peaked w/ Asoka… why decline? III. Buddhism E. Decline in Buddhism in India Peaked w/ Asoka… why decline? Rulers: liked stability of Hinduism & support of priests Common people: preferred stability & rituals/ feasts of Hinduism (stable: caste system) Buddhism: not appeal to women Final blow: Muslim invasions *MB: blended more smoothly into Hinduism

IV. The Mauryan Empire *Unite India… Began in North… Effect of geography Candragupta Maurya 1. Introduction… Aryans & Alex 2. As Founder… “Fish” 3. As Ruler…

IV. The Mauryan Empire Asoka and Reform 1. Introduction… Deccan & Battle of Kalinga 2. As Ruler * Patalitputra… Effects on India… Missionaries

V. Kushan Empire *Outline… Northern India… Key link on the Silk Road… Achievements

VI. The Gupta Empire *Elements of a “Golden Age”… Candra Gupta I… Legitimacy Gupta Society 1. Government: Patalitputra: central, less harsh 2. Economy: trade & agriculture 3. Women: restrictions of Hinduism 4. Organization of Village & Family Life: Sheet

VI. The Gupta Empire The Influence of Hinduism: Outline End of Gupta Rule: Outline * White Huns

VII. Gupta’s Golden Age Classical Civilization… Mathematics Medicine

VII. Gupta’s Golden Age Architecture Literature *Stupas… pillars… rock chambers… Ajanta caves Literature *Mahabharata… Ramayana…