Social Psychology Sisman LHHS Psychology

Attitude Formation Attitudes Cognitive Behavioral Emotional

Origins of Attitudes Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive appraisals Observational learning

Persuasive Message Familiarity Repetition Two-sided arguments Emotional appeals Arguments running counter to the person’s interests

Persuasive Communicator Shows expertise Repetition Two-sided arguments Emotional appeals Arguments run counter to the person’s interests

Persuaded Audience Low self-esteem High social anxiety

Leon Festinger Cognitive Dissonance When we hold two contradictory cognitions When our thoughts and actions are not the same Strive for dissonance reduction You get what you pay for

Interpersonal Attraction In terms of a long-term interpersonal relationship Women look for personality Men look for looks

Other Factors in Attraction Proximity Attitudinal similarity Romeo and Juliet Effect Propinquity Playing “hard to get”

Body Language Nonverbal Eyes can express attention or deception Crossed arms and legs express defensiveness Rapporting

Personal Space Intimate distance Personal distance Social distance Public distance

Balance Theory Balance Imbalance Nonbalance

Attribution Theory Dispositional attribution Situational attribution Defense attribution Fundamental attribution error

Solomon Asch Conformity Conformity up to 4 confederates Serial position Unanimous answers Ambiguous tasks Low self-esteem

Stanley Milgram Obedience to Authority Authority figure Far removed from person we are inflicting pain on Act shared by others Authority figure is present

Group Behavior Social facilitation Social loafing Evaluation apprehension

Group Decision-Making Polarization Risky shift Diffusion of responsibility Deindividuation

Leadership Styles Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-faire

Types of Power Expert Legitimate Referent Reward Coercive

Altruistic Behavior Kitty Genovese (1964) in New York Thought someone else would call Didn’t want to get involved

The Helper In a good mood Feel empathy for the victim Not highly masculine Sense of personal responsibility Possess the behavioral competency

The Victim Female Attractive Alone Similar to the helper

Situational Determinants Fully understand what we’re seeing No other bystanders (Bystander Effect) Acquainted with the victim Environment is familiar

Environmental Psychology Studies on noise More stress More hearing loss Deficits in learning and memory ability

John Calhoun Density and Crowding “Rat universe” Mortality rate rose Family structure broke down Delinquent male rats Harems

Crowding in Human Environments Prison studies Higher blood pressure Higher mortality rate More mental disorders

Crowding in Human Environments Crowded dorm studies Less satisfaction with roommate Withdrawal from social interaction Tripling effect

City Dwellers Shake hands less Do not help strangers Plan ahead especially when walking

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