225 Million Years Ago – Pangaea started to break apart Chapter 1 New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1783

GEOLOGICAL CHANGES 10 million years ago North America was shaped by nature 2 million years ago Great Ice Age 35,000 years ago the sea level dropped leaving an isthmus connecting Asia and North America (Bering Strait) 10,000 years ago ice started to retreat and melt which once again covered the land bridge from the Old World to the New World

EARLIEST AMERICANS Maybe 50 million people arrived Incas in Peru Mayans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico Pueblos in Southwest America

THE VIKINGS 1000 AD Norsemen land at New Found land Leif Ericson

How to get the goods to Europe? On their way to conquer the Holy Land, the Crusaders discovered many goods not found in Europe. (Silks, perfumes, spices, sugar, drugs) CHRISTIAN CRUSADERS

MARCO POLO AND HIS EXPLORATION OF CHINA? Indirect discoverer of the New World Wrote a book describing rose tinted pearls and golden pagodas

EUROPEANS ENTER AFRICA People of Europe were able to reach sub- Saharan Africa around 1450 when the Portuguese invented the caravel, a ship that could sail into the wind. This ship allowed sailors to sail back up the western coast of Africa and back to Europe.

ESTABLISHED trading posts along the African coast PORTUGUESE SLAVE TRADE TRADED SLAVES AND GOLD

PORTUGUESE SLAVE TRADE BEGINS MODERN PLANTATION LABOR SYSTEM, BEGINS AFRICAN DIASPORA

EARLY PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS 1488 Bartholomeau Dias Rounds the tip of Africa

VASCO DE GAMA In 1498 reaches India

MEANWHILE THE NATION STATE OF SPAIN WAS UNITED BY THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, AND WITH THE EXPULSION OF THE MOORS. SPAIN WANTED TO CHALLENGE PORTUGAL FOR EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION SUPREMACY.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS From Italy, by way of Portugal, Columbus gets leaders of Spain to finance voyage of discovery. In his three ships, Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria, Columbus sails west to get east. He lands in the Bahamas in 1492.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE As a result of Columbus's voyages four continents are impacted.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Europe provided the markets, capital and technology (printing press, mariner’s compass and caravel)

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Africa provided the labor New World offered raw material….especially the soil

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE New World Gold / Silver Corn /potato / pineapple / tomato / tobacco /beans / vanilla / chocolate Syphillis Old World Wheat / sugar / rice / coffee Horses / cows / pigs Smallpox / measles / bubonic plague / influenza / typhus / scarlet fever

SPAIN V. PORTUGAL Treaty of Tordesillas - Spain and Portugal divided up “their claims” to the known world Spain claimed land to the West of Europe while Portugal claimed East towards Asia and Africa. Portugal also had a claim to what would be modern day Brazil.

SPANISH CONQUISTADORS Gold, God and Glory Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan is first to circumnavigate the globe, actually only his ship Victoria makes it back.

SPANISH CONQUISTADORS Juan Ponce de Leon searches in Tierra Florida, or land of the flowers. Think Fountain of Youth

SPANISH CONQUISTADORS Francisco Coronado explores in Southwest America searching for fabled seven cities of gold (Cibola)

SPANISH CONQUISTADORS Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River while Francisco Pizarro (pictured) conquered the Incas of Peru

SPANISH CONQUISTADOR HERNANDO CORTES CONQUERED AZTECS, WHO WERE LED BY EMPEROR MONTEZUMA

THE SPANISH IN THE NEW WORLD St. Augustine 1565Sante Fe New Mexico 1609

EXPLORERS SONG