Attachments Formed as Adults Tamara Arrington COM 252

John Bowlby & Mary Ainsworth

Bowbly & Ainsworth Bowlby was inspired by two children Bowlby was inspired by two children An affectionless child without a stable mother figure An affectionless child without a stable mother figure An anxious child who followed him around An anxious child who followed him around Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, ain.html ain.html ain.html ain.html Ainsworth was inspired by two undergraduate psychology courses at Univ. of Toronto Ainsworth was inspired by two undergraduate psychology courses at Univ. of Toronto Experimental Research Experimental Research Theory of Security Theory of Security

Bowlby & Ainswroth Bowlby and Ainsworth find evidence of the adverse effects on development attributable to a child’s lack of a mother figure. Bowlby and Ainsworth find evidence of the adverse effects on development attributable to a child’s lack of a mother figure. Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46,

Bowlby & Ainswroth Bowlby finds his theory: Bowlby finds his theory: Attachments are as important in life as eating and sexual behavior, and are a major component to human behavior. He believes that separation anxiety occurs in the absence of an attachment figure. Attachments are as important in life as eating and sexual behavior, and are a major component to human behavior. He believes that separation anxiety occurs in the absence of an attachment figure. Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46,

Bowlby & Ainsworth Ainsworth studied mothers and babies in several Uganda villages Ainsworth studied mothers and babies in several Uganda villages. She discovered three different levels of attachment. She discovered three different levels of attachment. SECURELY ATTACHED SECURELY ATTACHED INSECURELY ATTACHED INSECURELY ATTACHED NONATTACHED NONATTACHED Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46,

Bowlby &Ainsworth So, how do researchers know what kind of attachments a particular child has? So, how do researchers know what kind of attachments a particular child has? The Strange Situation is a laboratory procedure used to assess infant attachment style. The procedure consists of eight episodes: The Strange Situation is a laboratory procedure used to assess infant attachment style. The procedure consists of eight episodes: (Connell & goldsmith, 1982; ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation” (Connell & goldsmith, 1982; ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation”

Bowlby & Ainsworth The Strange Situation The Strange Situation 1.Parent and infant are introduced to the experimental room 1.Parent and infant are introduced to the experimental room 2. Parent and infant are alone. Parent does not participate while infant explores. 2. Parent and infant are alone. Parent does not participate while infant explores. 3. Stranger enters, converses with parent, then approaches infant. Parent leaves inconspicuously. 3. Stranger enters, converses with parent, then approaches infant. Parent leaves inconspicuously.

Bowlby & Ainsworth The Strange Situation The Strange Situation 4. First separation episode: Stranger’s behavior is geared to the infant. 4. First separation episode: Stranger’s behavior is geared to the infant. 5. First reunion episode: Parent greets and comforts infant, then leave again. 5. First reunion episode: Parent greets and comforts infant, then leave again. 6. Second separation episode: Infant is alone. 6. Second separation episode: Infant is alone.

Bolby & Ainsworth 7. Continuation of second separation episode; Stranger enters and gears behavior to the infant. 7. Continuation of second separation episode; Stranger enters and gears behavior to the infant. 8. Second reunion episode: parent enters, greets infant, and picks up infant; stranger leaves inconspicuously. 8. Second reunion episode: parent enters, greets infant, and picks up infant; stranger leaves inconspicuously. (Connell & Goldsmith, 1982; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation” (Connell & Goldsmith, 1982; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation”

Bowlby & Ainsworth The Strange Situation The Strange Situation The infants behavior upon the parent’s return is the basis for classifying the infant into one of three attachment categories. The infants behavior upon the parent’s return is the basis for classifying the infant into one of three attachment categories. (Connell & Goldsmith, 1982; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation” (Connell & Goldsmith, 1982; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). IN Attachment Theory – The “Strange Stiuation”

Bowlby & Ainsworth The Strange Situation studies showed that crying was a normal response by secure children. The Strange Situation studies showed that crying was a normal response by secure children. Secure: When the mother would then pick the baby up, secure children would stop crying, and then look forward to explore. Secure: When the mother would then pick the baby up, secure children would stop crying, and then look forward to explore. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Bowlby & Ainsworth Anxious/Ambivalent: The infants that were anxious/ambivalents would constantly cry, even after their mother had comforted them. Anxious/Ambivalent: The infants that were anxious/ambivalents would constantly cry, even after their mother had comforted them. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Bowlby & Ainsworth Avoidants: The infants that fell into the category of avoidants would not have any emotional response when their mother left, nor would they be affected when their mother returned. Avoidants: The infants that fell into the category of avoidants would not have any emotional response when their mother left, nor would they be affected when their mother returned. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Attachment Theory Keep in mind that it was in 1957 that Harry Harlow “began” his studies using rhesus monkeys. Keep in mind that it was in 1957 that Harry Harlow “began” his studies using rhesus monkeys.

Bowlby & Ainsworth According to the Attachment Theory explained in the article entitled An Ethological Approach to Personality Development by John Bowlby & Mary Ainsworth, personality development is based on the interaction of the child and the caregiver during infancy and early childhood. According to the Attachment Theory explained in the article entitled An Ethological Approach to Personality Development by John Bowlby & Mary Ainsworth, personality development is based on the interaction of the child and the caregiver during infancy and early childhood. Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46,

Bowlby & Ainsworth Cont. from previous slide… Cont. from previous slide… The theory takes into account real- life events concerning the relationship between a child and his or her mother The theory takes into account real- life events concerning the relationship between a child and his or her mother The following chart reference: The following chart reference: Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). Ainsworth, M. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46,

Development of Security SecurityDevelopment Effect on Personality Immature Dependent Security Develops during infancy as result of infant’s ability to rely on a parent figure for care This type of security gives the infant ability to explore surrounding world knowing that they can retreat to the parent Independent Security Develops during child- hood as the child gradually learns skills to cope w/surroundings As child matures, he or she becomes fully emancipated from his or her parents Mature Dependent Security Develops during adult- hood as one develops ability to form mutually contributing, give/take relationships w/partner of same generation An adult can supply a secure base to a partner in a relationship

Adult Attachments Secure: These are people who had a loving childhood, and were well cared for by their mothers. Secure people do not avoid people, and at the same time, do not feel the need to constantly dependent on other people. Secure: These are people who had a loving childhood, and were well cared for by their mothers. Secure people do not avoid people, and at the same time, do not feel the need to constantly dependent on other people. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Adult Attachments Avoidants: These are people who have been constantly denied any physical contact by their mothers when they were infants. Avoidants tend to express behavior of detachment. Avoidants: These are people who have been constantly denied any physical contact by their mothers when they were infants. Avoidants tend to express behavior of detachment. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Adult Attachments Anxious/Ambivalent: These people who as infants had mothers who were slow and inconsistent to respond to their cries. Anxious/Ambivalents tend to express feelings of protest, and are very distrustful of others. Anxious/Ambivalent: These people who as infants had mothers who were slow and inconsistent to respond to their cries. Anxious/Ambivalents tend to express feelings of protest, and are very distrustful of others. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements. Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.

Attachment Theory –Adult Love 62% ADULTS=SECURE 23% ADULTS= ANXIOUS/AMBIVALENT 15% ADULTS =AVOIDANT Great Ideas In Personality. “Three Types of Attachements.