Clean Water Act Mitigation Jan Goldman-Carter

Compensatory Mitigation in the Real World Limited Science + Economic Cost Considerations + Agency Discretion + Limited Resources + Limited Information + Limited Public Involvement = Net Loss Of Aquatic Resource Quality & Quantity ______________________________ Impact Avoidance + Critical Thinking + Scientifically Credible Functional Assessment + Watershed-based Impact Assessment and Site Selection + Ecological Performance Standards + Diligent Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement + Long-term Site Protection and Management + Public Involvement = Maintenance/Improvement of Aquatic Resources

404(b)(1) Guidelines PROHIBIT permit issuance if: There exists an environmentally preferable practicable alternative; An endangered species would be jeopardized; The discharge will cause or contribute to significant degradation; Impact minimization and mitigation are insufficient; The Corps fails to make specified factual determinations; OR The Corps lacks sufficient information to make a reasonable judgment of compliance with the Guidelines.

The Final Mitigation Rule: Avoiding Impacts 332.1(c)(2)/230.91(c)(2): “The district engineer will issue an individual section 404 permit only upon a determination that the proposed discharge complies with applicable provisions of 40 CFR part 230, including those that require the permit applicant to take all appropriate and practicable steps to avoid and minimize adverse impacts to waters of the United States….” 40 CFR (a) and 1990 MOA: Prohibition against permit issuance where a less environmentally damaging practicable alternative for the proposed discharge exists. See also: 332.1(f)(2)/290.91(f)(2) (retaining avoidance aspects of 1990 MOA); 73 FR 19596,

The Final Mitigation Rule: Avoiding Impacts 40 CFR (c): Prohibition against permit issuance where activities associated with a proposed discharge will cause or contribute to significant degradation. From 1990 MOA: “It is important to recognize that there are circumstances where the impacts of the project are so significant that even if alternatives are not available, the discharge may not be permitted regardless of the compensatory mitigation proposed (40 CFR (c)).” See also: 332.1(f)(2)/290.91(f)(2) (retaining avoidance and significant degradation aspects of 1990 MOA); 73 FR 19596,

The Final Mitigation Rule: Avoiding Impacts 332.1(c)(3)/230.91(c)(3): “…During the 404 (b)(1) Guidelines compliance analysis, the district engineer may determine that a DA permit for the proposed activity cannot be issued because of the lack of appropriate and practicable compensatory mitigation options.” 73 FR 19618: “Effective implementation of this rule, including the ecological performance of compensatory mitigation projects, is dependent upon critical thinking by decision- makers to determine whether a particular compensatory mitigation proposal at a specific site is technically feasible and capable of providing the desired aquatic resource functions and services.”

Avoiding Impacts to “Difficult-to-Replace” Aquatic Resources 332.3(e)(3)/230.93(e)(3): “for difficult-to-replace resources (e.g., bogs, fens, springs, streams, Atlantic white cedar swamps) if further avoidance and minimization is not practicable, the required compensation should be provided, if practicable, through in-kind rehabilitation, enhancement, or preservation since there is greater certainty that these methods of compensation will successfully offset permitted impacts.” 73 FR 19605: “…[S]ome types of aquatic resources are difficult to replace, such as bogs, fens, vernal pools, and streams….[W]e have added § 332.3(e)(3)[230.93(e)(3)], which emphasizes avoidance and minimization of impacts to difficult –to- replace resources….” See also 73 FR See: 73 FR (re critical thinking by decision-makers re feasibility and capability to replace functions and services).

The Mitigation Rule Watershed Approach 332.3(c)(1)/230.93(c)(1): “The district engineer must use a watershed approach to establish compensatory mitigation requirements in DA permits to the extent appropriate and practicable.” “The ultimate goal of a watershed approach is to maintain and improve the quality and quantity of aquatic resources within watersheds through strategic selection of compensatory mitigation sites.”

332.3(c)(3)/230.93(c)(3): Absent an available and appropriate watershed plan, “the district engineer will use a watershed approach based on analysis of information regarding watershed conditions and needs, including....”: -- current trends in habitat loss and conversion; -- cumulative impacts of past development activities; -- current development trends; -- presence and needs of sensitive species; -- site conditions that help/hinder mitigation success; -- flooding, poor water quality, other chronic environmental problems. The Mitigation Rule Watershed Approach

Scientifically Credible Functional Assessments 332.3(f)/230.93(f): “[T]he amount of required mitigation must be, to the extent practicable, sufficient to replace lost aquatic resource functions.” In cases where appropriate functional or condition assessment methods or other suitable metrics are available, these methods should be used where practicable to determine how much compensatory mitigation is required.” “We are moving towards greater reliance on functional and condition assessments ….We believe that more frequent use of such assessment methods will help improve the quality of aquatic resources in the United States.” 73 FR 19601,

Mandatory Ecological Performance Standards 332.4(c)(1),(9)/230.94(c)(1),(9): The final mitigation plan “must include” “ecologically- based” performance standards /230.95: “Ecological performance standards must be based on the best available science that can be measured or assessed in a practicable manner.” See also: 73 FR (mandatory ecological performance standards based on best available science); 73 FR

Enforcement of Mitigation Conditions 332.3(k)/230.93(k): Compensatory mitigation requirements must be clearly stated in individual permit conditions and must be enforceable (k)/230.93(k): Compensatory mitigation requirements must be clearly stated in individual permit conditions and must be enforceable (l)/230.93(l): responsible party must be clearly identified (l)/230.93(l): responsible party must be clearly identified. See also: 73 FR (permittee enforcement per 33 CFR 326; 3 rd party enforcement through “appropriate actions”; 73 FR See also: 73 FR (permittee enforcement per 33 CFR 326; 3 rd party enforcement through “appropriate actions”; 73 FR

Monitoring Reports 332.6(c)/230.96(c): Monitoring report information must be sufficient to determine project progress toward meeting performance standards; monitoring requirements must be clearly stated as enforceable special permit conditions; reports must be publicly available. See also 73 FR 19597, (c)/230.96(c): Monitoring report information must be sufficient to determine project progress toward meeting performance standards; monitoring requirements must be clearly stated as enforceable special permit conditions; reports must be publicly available. See also 73 FR 19597, (b)/230.94(b)/325.1: The permit application and public notice must include statement re impact avoidance, minimization, and mitigation sufficient to provide for meaningful public comment. See also 73 FR (b)/230.94(b)/325.1: The permit application and public notice must include statement re impact avoidance, minimization, and mitigation sufficient to provide for meaningful public comment. See also 73 FR

332.3(a)(3)/230.93(a)(3): Compensatory mitigation projects may be sited on public lands as long as credits are based “solely on aquatic resource functions provided by the compensatory mitigation project, over and above those provided by public programs already planned or in place.” See also: 73 FR 19627, (a)(3)/230.93(a)(3): Compensatory mitigation projects may be sited on public lands as long as credits are based “solely on aquatic resource functions provided by the compensatory mitigation project, over and above those provided by public programs already planned or in place.” See also: 73 FR 19627, Cost of land acquisition, ownership, management is subsidized and therefore not incorporated into full cost of development. Cost of land acquisition, ownership, management is subsidized and therefore not incorporated into full cost of development. Public interest in public land and water conservation and recreation may be compromised. Public interest in public land and water conservation and recreation may be compromised. Mitigation on Public Lands: In the Public Interest?

Long-term Protection and Management 332.7(a)/230.97(a): The compensatory mitigation project must be provided long-term protection …as appropriate. The long-term mechanism must, to the extent appropriate and practicable, prohibit incompatible uses. See also: 73 FR (“The goal of the rule is to ensure permanent protection of all compensatory mitigation project sites.”) 332.7(d)/230.97(d)(1): “The permit conditions or instrument must identify the party responsible for ownership and all long- term management of the compensatory mitigation project.” 332.7(d)/230.97(d)(2): The long-term management plan should “identify the funding mechanism that will be used to meet those [long-term management] needs. See also: 73 FR (necessary to demonstrate adequate funds for long- term management activities).

Implementation Reality: Who’s Watching? District officials told GAO in 2005: “…because of budget constraints, little time is spent on compliance activities, including following up on the submission of monitoring reports ….” “…the low priority accorded compliance inspections in the Corps’ guidance, as well as limited resources, contribute to their low level of oversight of compensatory mitigation.” Rule puts our aquatic resource eggs in the 3 rd party basket: “As more credits are generated by third- party mitigation providers, burdens on permittees should be reduced.” 73 FR

Mitigation Southwest Florida Style acre development site acres of jurisdictional wetlands (86%) wetland acres dredged or filled wetland acres remaining on-site are “preserved” and “enhanced” through removal of exotic vegetation. -- to be turned over to public land trust to be responsible for exotics removal and management long- term wetland acres “preserved” off-site and “enhanced” through exotics removal -- payment of $1.2 million to WMD mitigation fund for purchase of 154 acres in trust area off-site. -- purchase 8.7 credits Big Cypress Mitigation Bank

Forcing Watershed Analysis Beyond Consultants’ Reports Large-scale development in Cocohatchee Slough SW Florida areawide EIS includes watershed information, including flood storage, water quality, and endangered species habitat needs. Identifies Slough as high priority for restoration. Corps accepts project consultants’ project-by-project analysis re mitigation for these project impacts without critically examining the individual and combined impacts of these projects on a watershed scale.

Watershed, ecosystem-based science, cumulative impacts information and mapping Watershed, ecosystem-based science, cumulative impacts information and mapping Strong, binding legal framework, legal claims Strong, binding legal framework, legal claims Hydrological, ecological expertise supporting permit review, litigation. Hydrological, ecological expertise supporting permit review, litigation. Solid, sustained partnerships: local expertise, media, grassroots, watch-dogging. Solid, sustained partnerships: local expertise, media, grassroots, watch-dogging. Key Ingredients

Settlement Terms Deletes 18-hole golf course Shrinks footprint by 100 acres Reduces wetland impacts by 85 acres acres of short hydroperiod wetlands on-site Adds 85 acres of new preserve Re-establishes natural flowway via added western preserve acres SHP wetlands in Corkscrew foraging area

Maintenance/Improvement of Aquatic Resources Impact Avoidance Critical Thinking Scientifically Credible Functional Assessment Watershed-based Impact Assessment and Site Selection Ecological Performance Standards Diligent Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Long-term Site Protection and Management Public Involvement