Lecture 19 Crusades I Dr. Ann T. Orlando 29 October

Introduction Pilgrimages Military and political stimulus for Crusades ‘Success’ of First Crusade 2

Early Christian Pilgrimages During time of martyrdom, clandestine meetings at tombs of martyrs and apostles St. Helena pilgrimage to Jerusalem c. 327 Egeria 4 th C Jerome and Paulina established a ‘Latin’ colony in Jerusalem to assist pilgrims early 4 th C By end of 4 th C Well defined ‘itineraries’ for pilgrim routes to Rome and Holy Land in organized groups, including clerics and troops for protection Houses, hospitals, run by monks and nuns to along the way to assist pilgrims 3

Importance of Medieval Pilgrimage Penitential Sanctioned by priest at beginning and end of pilgrimage But so popular rules made that priests could only go on one overseas pilgrimage in his lifetime Economic Trade between large areas ‘Tourist’ money for destinations Adventure (tourism) Pilgrimage was one of the few reasons someone was allowed to travel from home district 4

Medieval Western Pilgrimages 10 th C saw significant increase in pilgrimages from West to Holy Land Example: Great German Pilgrimage of 1064 included about 10,000 people Political/military environment ‘Taming’ of Vikings Recognition by Byzantium and Fatamid Egypt that Western pilgrims were good for economy Peaceful coexistence between Byzantines and Arabs Pilgrimage and Cluny Monks of Cluny greatly encouraged pilgrimages among monks, clerics and lay people Established Cluniac houses of hospitality along pilgrim routes Cluniac monks organized many pilgrim groups each year of more than 1,000 from many stations in life 5

Two of the Most Popular European Medieval Pilgrimage Sites Santiago de Compostela, NW Spain Pilgrimages since 9 th C Believed to be burial site of St. James Major Cluniacs built hostels all along the Way of St. James from France Insignia: scallop shells Pope Leo XIII accepted authenticity of remains of St. James in Compostela in 1884 Canterbury Cathedral Site of murder and burial of St. Thomas Becket in 1170 on orders (probably) of English King Henry II Pilgrims (especially Normans) from all over Europe journeyed to Canterbury Insignia: ampullae (containing water and blood) Chaucer, Canterbury Tales St. Thomas Becket’s relics destroyed on orders of King Henry VIII in

The Crusades: A Military Pilgrimage Needed because the Seljuk Turks captured much of Holy Land and route to Holy Land in 11 th C Initially driven by desire to secure places of pilgrimage in Holy Land Crusades preached and followed as a type of pilgrimage Not called crusades at the time, but the taking of the cross 7

Political and Military Stimulus to First Crusade New invaders from East: Seljuk Turks Replace Arabs as rulers of southeastern Mediterranean Hostile to Christian pilgrims to Holy Land Threaten Byzantine empire After Battle of Manzikert (1071), Eastern Emperor Alexius Comnenus appeals to Pope for military assistance Pope Gregory VII plans military assistance (crusade), but cannot organize it because of investiture controversy Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade BTW, Urban happy to oblige because improves his position against HRE who setup a rival pope as part of the investiture controversy 8

Political/Military Power Map 9

European Route and Conquests During First Crusade 10

First Crusade First Crusade called by Pope Urban II in 1095, ‘Battle’ cry of Deus Vult, God Wills It Soldiers ‘take the cross’ as emblem Jerusalem captured in 1099 Blood bath by victorious crusaders, murder of nearly every man, woman, child Arabs, rightly, deeply angered, pointing out that Arab armies had not committed such atrocities against Christians in 7 th C capture of Jerusalem Established maximum extent of Christian rule, Outremer (Overseas) Saladin recaptures Jerusalem

Land Captured by First Crusade 12

Assignments Pope Urban II, Speech on First Crusade, available at /urban2-fulcher.html /urban2-fulcher.html Hitchcock, Ch. 6 13