Title: Nutritional status of North Indian obese young adults Meenakshi Garg University of Delhi, India

Introduction India is just behind US and China in global hazard list of top 10 countries with highest number of obese people. A country where 270 million people live below the 'poverty line', obesity seems to be a distant issue, meant for the rich kids of first world. India is under siege: junk food, alcohol and sedentary lifestyle are leading us to silent self destruction, making one in every five Indian men and women either obese or overweight. The US topped the list with 13 per cent of the obese people worldwide in 2013, while China and India together accounted for 15 per cent of the world's obese population, with 46 million and 30 million obese people, respectively. According to the study, number of overweight and obese people globally increased from 857 million in 1980 to 2.1 billion in This is one-third of the world's population. ( scale/1/ html)

There is a need for the assessment of the nutritional status to obtain a clear view of malnutrition in various regions of country. This will help in identifying the causes of problem and solutions to overcome the problem of malnutrition. Keeping this in view a study was planned to assess the nutritional status of North Indians.

Material and Methods One fifty respondents from west and north Delhi who had age between 18 to 45 years were chosen for detailed dietary assessment. Informed consent was taken, nutritional survey was carried out by the 24 hour dietary recall method. The nutritional data collected were analyzed using Diet Soft software. and biochemical parameter were also taken using standard methods. The values obtained were compared with Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for Indians (Gopalan et, al. 2009,I.C.M.R, 2009). Body composition analysis was done using Omron Body Composition Monitor model HBF-375. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 Version

Table 1 Socioeconomic status of Obese respondents Number of Respondents150 Income GroupMiddle and high Age<3027% >3073% ReligionHindu95% Muslim4% Sikh1% Marital StatusSingle11% Married89% Family typeJoint40% Nuclear60% SexMale39% Female61%

MEAN NUTRIENT INTAKE OF OBESE MALES LESS THAN 30 YEARS NUTRIENTSRDAINTAKE Calcium (mg/d) ± (100.13%) Iron (mg/d) ± 5.099* (78.88%) Zinc (mg/d) ± 2.104* (50.83%) Protein (g/d) ± (84.61%) Fat (g/d) ± * (307.08%) Folic acid(µg/d) ± * (19%) Energy (kcal) ± (78.61%) Values are mean ± S.D. Values with * are significantly different (P< 0.05) from other group

MEAN NUTRIENT INTAKE OF OBESE MALES MORE THAN 30 YEARS NUTRIENTSRDAINTAKE Calcium (mg/d) ± *(161.26%) Iron (mg/d) ± (91.11%) Zinc(mg/d) ± *(57.08%) Protein (g/d) ± (104.2%) Fat (g/d) ± * (384.4%) Folic acid (µg/d) ± * (24.06%) Energy (kcal/d) ± (94.04%) Values are mean ± S.D. Values with * are significantly different (P< 0.05) from other group

MEAN FOOD INTAKE OF OBESE MALES LESS THAN 30 YEARS FOOD ITEMSRDIINTAKE Milk (ml) ± (96.15%) Sugar (gm) ± 5.547* (57.65%) Fat (gm) ±20.325* (244.6%) Cereals (gm) ± * (69.33%) Other vegetables (gm) ± 60.89* (25.38%) Roots and tubers (gm) ± * (44.61%) Fruits (gm) ±19.644* (32.3%) Pulses(gm) ± *(41.01%) Values are mean ± S.D. Values with * are significantly different (P< 0.05) from other group

MEAN FOOD INTAKE OF OBESE MALES MORE THAN 30 YEARS FOOD ITEMSRDIINTAKE Milk ± (127.62%) Sugar ± (96.1%) Fat 2565 ± * (260%) Cereals ± (71.05%) Other vegetables ± * (44.22%) Roots and tubers ± * (50.38%) Fruits ± (103%) Pulses 7544± *(58.66%)

MEAN NUTRIENT INTAKE OF OBESE FEMALES LESS THAN 30 YEARS NUTRIENTSRDAINTAKE Calcium (mg/d) ± *(135.56%) Iron (mg/d) ± *(58.28%) Zinc (mg/d) ± 1.737* (54.8%) Protein (g/d) ± (94.1%) Fat (g/d) ± * (348.6%) Folic acid (µg/d) ± *(20.68%) Energy (kcal/d) ± (88.66%) Values are mean ± S.D. Values with * are significantly different (P< 0.05) from other group

MEAN NUTRIENT INTAKE OF OBESE FEMALES MORE THAN 30 YEARS NUTRIENTSRDAINTAKE Calcium (mg/d) ±420.17* (162.79%) Iron (mg/d) ± 7.6 *(63.28%) Zinc (mg/d) ± 1.904* (55.1%) Protein (g/d) ± (100.5%) Fat (g/d) ± 33.36* (436.1%) Folic acid (µg/d) ± * (23.04%) Energy (kcal/d) ± (96.1%) Values are mean ± S.D. Values with * are significantly different (P< 0.05) from other group

MEAN FOOD INTAKE OF OBESE FEMALES LESS THAN 30 YEARS FOOD ITEMSRDIBefore Intervention Milk (ml) ± (110.49%) Sugar (g) ± 7.97 (79.6%) Fat (g) ± * (218.5%) Cereal (g) ± (82.3%) Other vegetables (g) ± *(53.88%) Root and tubers (g) ± * (37.03%) Fruit (g) ± *(58.51%) Pulses(g) ± *(66.03%)

MEAN FOOD INTAKE OF OBESE FEMALES MORE THAN 30 YEARS FOOD ITEMSRDIBefore Intervention Milk (ml) ± *(136.3%) Sugar (gm) ± (121.5%) Fat (gm) ± *(268.45%) Cereal (gm) ± (76.92%) Other vegetables (gm) ± * (45.15%) Roots and tubers (gm) ± * (41.23%) Fruits (gm) ± (79.07%) Pulses(gm) 6036±34.36* (60%)

MEAN ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF OBESE MALES ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT STANDARD Values Body mass index (kg/m²) < ± Waist circumference (cm) ± 3.01 Waist : hip < ±.058 Body fat( %) 10-20% 30.15± Visceral fat ± 3.652

MEAN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF OBESE MALES BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERSStandard OBSERVED Hemoglobin gm% ±1.31 Cholesterol (mg/dl) ± High density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± TC:HDL ± Low density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± LDL:HDL ± Very low density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± Triglycerides (mg/dl) ± Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) ± Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ± Blood glucose (mg/dl) ± Insulin micro (IU/ml) ± Pulse rate/ min ±9.451

MEAN ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF OBESE FEMALES ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT Intervention Body mass index (kg/m²) <25 Normal 30.4± Waist circumference (cm) ± Waist : hip < ± Body fat 20 to 30% 37.99± Visceral fat ± 5.593

MEAN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF OBESE FEMALES BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERSStandard OBSERVED Hemoglobin ±1.107 Cholesterol (mg/dl) ± High density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± TC:HDL ± Low density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± LDL:HDL ± Very low density lipoproteins (mg/dl) ± Triglycerides (mg/dl) ± Systolic blood pressure ± Diastolic blood pressure ± Blood glucose ± Insulin ± Pulse rate ±9.895

CONCLUSION Intake of iron, zinc, folic acid was significantly lower than reccomended amount Intake of fat was 2-3 folds higher than recommended amount Body fat and visceral fat were higher than standard values Most of the biochemical parameters are at border line in males.

Public health policies should be adopted Nutrition education, physical exercise and good quality life should be encouraged high levels of physical activity (≈1 h/d), eating low-fat diet, eating breakfast regularly, self- monitoring weight, and maintaining a consistent eating pattern across weekdays and weekends

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