COMMON PROPERTİES OF LİVİNG ORGANİSMS

Zoology Botany

Microbiology -Molecular biology -Genetics Physiology

Histology Ecology

Anatomy Cytology Embryology

Biochemistry Morphology Taxonomy Virology / bacteriolo gy

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Is it living or nonliving? What is Life ? What makes something living?

 How can you constitute a building? A non living thing  How can you constitute a living organism? What kind of properties should it contain?

Figure 1.1 (1) Order (2) Reproduction (3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (7) Evolutionary adaptation (6) Regulation (5) Response to the environment (8) Movement

All forms of life share common properties  Properties of life include 1.Cellular structure All living things are made of cells. Unicellular: single celled (bacteria, yeast). Multi cellular- having many cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cells according to their structure Prokaryote cell Eukaryote Cell Simple cell: no nucleus (DNA in cytoplasm) no membraned organelles, Unicellular.e.g. Bacteria Advanced cell: have nucleus (with DNA) Have membraned organelles, Unicellular.e.g. Yeast paramecium Multicellular.e.g. animals

Nucleus Nerve Spinal cord Cell Nerve cell Tissue Nervous tissue Organ Brain Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Brain

Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican

2. growth consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA, Increase in both size and number of cells. How growth is different in plants and animals? © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

. Although they exhibit different types of movement, it can be active or passive. 3 movement or locomotion 4. Sensitivity or responsiveness Ability to respond to environmental stimuli. Increase chance of living. Physical or chemical response

5. adaptation Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. feeding(nutrition)  all living things use food to use it in growth, energy, repair or maintainence.  Heterotrophs :organisms that take food from environment and change it in the body.  Autotrophs: organisms that produce complex organic molecules.  Both auto and heterotrophs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. respiration All living things use energy. Energy sources can be different. But cells use respiration to get energy(ATP). a.Aerobic respiration: O2 is used for getting energy CO2 and H2O are formed b.Anaerobic respiration: O2 is not used.fermentation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Excretion  Metabolic wastes in the cell and in the organism are thrown out by excretion.  Urea © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Larger molecules are broken down in to monomers to be used. 9. digestion

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11. Reproduction Ability to produce new organisms. Asexual: reproduction from single organism(mitosis) Sexual : reproduction of different sexes.(meiosis and fertilization)

Figure 1.4 Ecosystem Sunlight CO 2 Heat Chemical energy (food) Producers (such as plants) Autotrophs Water and minerals taken up by tree roots Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil) Consumers (such as animals) Heterotrophs CO 2 O2O2 O2O2

needs energy(ATP) All chemical reactions in a living organism are called as METABOLISM. 12. metabolism

Figure 1.2 Biosphere Madagascar Ecosystem: Forest in Madagascar Community: All organisms in the forest Population: Group of ring-tailed lemurs Organism: Ring-tailed lemur Organ system: Nervous system Organ: Brain Tissue: Nervous tissue Nerve Spinal cord Brain Organelle: Nucleus Cell: Nerve cell Nucleus Atom Molecule: DNA Atom  molecule  cell  tissue  organ  system  organism  population  community  ecosystem  biosphere level 11. organization

13. Having DNA As genetic material an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, Homeostasis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14. Homeostasis

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.  A cell can –regulate its internal environment, –take in and use energy, –respond to its environment, –develop and maintain its complex organization, and –give rise to new cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.3 Membrane DNA (no nucleus) Organelles Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) DNA (throughout nucleus)

 We share common properties in general, but also we share similar chemical make up.  All living things are composed of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds. to understand life, it is important to understand the basic concepts of chemistry. H C O N

1) Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false? A) All organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it. B) All organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment. C) All organisms have the ability to reproduce. D) All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature.

2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? A) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue B) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community C) organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule D) molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem