Unit 1 Biological Principles

What is Biology? Bio= Life ology= Study of Divisions of Biology Botany: Study of Plants Zoology: Study of Animals Microbiology: Study of small organisms Genetics: Study of heredity Evolution: Study of change over time Ecology: Study of organisms and their environments

Levels of Biological Organization 6 levels of organization for all living things 1. Organic Molecules 3. Tissues 2. Cells 4. Organs 5. Organ Systems 6. Organism

Organic Molecules: Molecules that make all living organisms Cells: The smallest units of all living organisms. Have small parts called organelles. Tissues: A group of cells that has the same function. Organs: A group of tissues that works together to accomplish the same function Organ systems: A group of organs that works to accomplish the same function Organism: A group of organ systems

Functions of all living things Nutrition: Getting food Digestion: Changing food to useable form Absorption: Getting water, ions and food from the environment Biosynthesis: Using food to make new organic molecules Respiration: Breaking down food to release energy Excretion: Separation of waste from body tissues

Secretion: Making special chemicals that affect other cells Response: Change due to stimulus (light, heat, pressure) from environment. Ex: Locomotion Reproduction: Cells dividing to make new cells (Mitosis) Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions that build up and tear down complex molecules (proteins, starch, sugar…etc).

What exactly is Science? It is a body of knowledge that is constantly changing (dynamic) The goal of Science is to understand principles Science starts with data – Data= observations – Two types: Quantitative: Uses numbers – “There are 5,000 cells in this sample” Qualitative: Uses the senses – “There is black fungi growing on the bread”

Experimental Design Inference: Making a statement based on what you know Control Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is not changed – You always know the outcome for this group Experimental Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is experimented on – This group is where you gather data to compare to the control group

Independent variable: The part of the experiment that is controlled by the person doing the lab. – “I” control this variable Dependant variable: The part of the experiment that changes depending on what the person does to the independent variable Constant: What does not change in an experiment

The Scientific Method The method used in all scientific experimentation Is a logical, step by step method for discovery

Observation: State the problem that you are trying to solve Hypothesis: Create an “if/then” statement – If I put my hand in a beaker of boiling water, then it will burn me. Experiment: Complete your experiment Analysis: What did the experiment show you? – Did the experiment prove your hypothesis to be true? New Hypothesis: If your hypothesis was proven false, create a new one depending on what you discovered Experiment again!

Theories in Science Theory: A possible explanation to a problem that is backed by evidence Can be changed when new evidence is discovered Are usually not easily accepted in science, thus not proven Examples: Theory of natural selection, germ theory

How do we measure in Science? Metrically! Base units: – Grams- Weight Measurement – Liter- Liquid Measurement – Meter-Length Measurement

Abbreviations khdag,l,mdcm PrefixKilohectodekabasedecicentimilli Meaning Practice Problems: a. 90 cm= __________mm b. 60 mL= __________ cL c. 12.2mg= _________ g d. 602m= __________mm e..51L= __________ mL

How do we see small objects? The microscope! – Micro= small -Scope= to view Magnification: The power to make objects larger Resolution: The power to show details clearly Specimen: What you are viewing

Ocular Arm Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base Body Tube Revolving Nose Piece Objectives Stage Clips Stage Diaphragm Light Source

ObjectivePowerOcularTotalMagnification Scanning41040 Low10 High40 Oil Immersion* 100

Complete Catch It Question 12 Comp Book Time!