Performance Evaluation and Using Variances Chapter M6

Standards Performance goals used for all three manufacturing costs –Direct materials –Direct labor –Factory overhead Standard cost systems –Allows management to determine how much of a product should cost and how much it does cost and the difference

Terms Standard cost –What it should cost Actual cost –What it does cost Variance –Difference –Favorable or unfavorable Standards –Theoretical –Currently attainable or normal standards Budgetary performance evaluation –Summarizes actual cost, standard amounts at current production level and differences

Example Mfg CostsActual CostStandard cost at actual volume Variance- favorable or unfavorable Direct materials $40,150$37,500$2,650 Direct Labor $38,500$36,000$2,500 Factory overhead $22,400$24,000($1,600) Actual volume is 5,000 units

Direct Materials Variance Price variance = –(actual price – std price) X actual Quantity Quantity variance = –(Actual quantity – std quantity) X std price Total direct materials variance = –Price variance + quantity variance

Example 2 Material used in the production of Product Z has a standard cost of $3 per lb. And standard use of 10,000lbs. Actual records show 15,000 lbs. used with an actual cost of $2.50 per lb. Computer the variance

Example 2: Price variance = –(AP – SP) X AQ –(2.50 – 3.00) X 15,000lbs –$(7,250) favorable variance Quantity variance = –(AQ – SQ) X SP –(15, ,000) X $3 –$15,000 unfavorable variance Total variance –$(7250) + $15,000 = $7,750

Example 3 Material used in the production of product D has a standard cost of $5 per lb. and a standard use of 2 lbs per units produced. Production of 5,000 units occurred during the period. Actual records show 9,000 lbs. used with an actual cost of $6 per lb. Compute the direct material variances

Example 3: Price variance = (AP-SP) X AQ (6 – 5) X 9,000 = $9,000 unfavorable Quantity variance = (AQ-SQ) X SP (9000 – 10,000) X $5 = $5,000 favorable Total –Unfavorable $9,000 –Favorable 5,000 –Total $4,000 unfavorable

Direct Labor Variances Rate variance –(Actual rate – Std rate ) x Actual hours Time variance –(actual hrs – std hrs) X Std rate Total variance –Time + Rate

Example 4 Factory records show that each product produced requires 3 direct labor hours. Production during the period consisted of 10,000 units with 29,500 hours of labor used. Labor has a standard cost of $10 per hour and actual cost of $11 per hour. Compute the direct labor variances

Example 4: Rate variance = (AR – SR) X Ahrs –(11 – 10) X ( 29,500) –$29,500 unfavorable Time variance + (Ahr – Shr) X SR –(29,500 – 30,000) X 10 –$5,000 favorable Total –$29,500 unfavorable + $5,000 favorable –$24,500 unfavorable

Factory overhead variance Determine the impact of changing the production on fixed and variable factory overhead cost Standard factory overhead cost rate =Total budget cost at 100% capacity/Standard hours at 100% capacity Variable costs per unit –Total variable factory overhead – Total hours

Example 5: Percent of normal capacity80%90%100%110% Units produced DLH (.8 per unit) Budgeted F/O Variable costs Indirect factory wages$8,000$9,000$10,000$11,000 Power and light$4,000$4,500$5,000$5,500 Indirect materials$2,400$2,700$3,000$3,300 Total variable costs$14,400$16,200$18,000$19,800 Fixed costs Supervisory salaries$5,500 Depreciation$4,500 Insurance$2,000 Total Fixed cost$12,000 Total factory overhead$26,400$28,200$30,000$31,800

Example 5: Factory overhead variance Step 1: get the following information –Standard F/O cost rate = Total budget cost at 100% capacity Standard hrs at 100% capacity $30,000/5,000 = $6 per hour –Variable cost per unit at 100% $18,000/5,000 = $3.60 per hour –Fixed costs per unit at 100% $12,000/5,000 = $2.40 per hour

Variances for Factory Overhead Controllable variance –Deals with variable cost –Actual variable F/O –Minus Budget Variable F/O at actual –Equals Variance Volume Variance –Deals with fixed costs

Example 5: Using the information in the table assume that actual production is 80% of capacity. Actual variable costs are $16,000 Actual Var F/O $16,000 Budget 14,400 Variance 1,600

Volume variance 100% capacity direct labor hours -standard direct labor hours at actual Unused capacity X standard fixed overhead rate Volume variance

Example 7: Using the information on Western Rider assume actual production is 80% capacity and compute volume variance 5,000 DLH -4,000 DLH 1,000 DLH X $2.40 per DLH $2,400 volume variance