The Age of Imperialism

What is imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country

What is Imperialism? Why do Europeans do this? Why do Europeans do this? Industrialization sparks the need for: Industrialization sparks the need for: Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Natural resources and raw materials Natural resources and raw materials New markets for products New markets for products

What is Imperialism? Europeans want control of all aspects of their colonies Europeans want control of all aspects of their colonies Their politics – government Their politics – government Their society Their society Their economy – what they produce and sell Their economy – what they produce and sell Their culture and customs - how they dress, etc.. Their culture and customs - how they dress, etc..

What is Imperialism? How do they justify this? How do they justify this? Social Darwinism – the theory that persons, groups, or races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature (the strongest civilization will survive) Social Darwinism – the theory that persons, groups, or races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature (the strongest civilization will survive)

Remember this with the acronym MAIN M arkets for manufactured goods A cquire natural resources I ntroduce Christianity (White Man’s Burden) N ationalism (We’re #1!)

Types of Imperialism Methods of Management Methods of Management Direct Control Direct Control Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Indirect Control Indirect Control local rulers are allowed to keep their positions of authority with limited self-rule local rulers are allowed to keep their positions of authority with limited self-rule Legislative body includes colonial & local officials Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

Types of Imperialism Forms of Control Forms of Control Colony Colony Governed by a foreign power Governed by a foreign power Ex. US colonies by King George of Britain Ex. US colonies by King George of Britain Protectorate Protectorate Governs itself, but under outside control Governs itself, but under outside control Ex. Korea by Japan Ex. Korea by Japan Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence Outside power controls investments & trading Outside power controls investments & trading Ex. Europeans in China Ex. Europeans in China Economic Imperialism Economic Imperialism Private business interests assert control Private business interests assert control ex.. Dole fruit company in Hawaii ex.. Dole fruit company in Hawaii

I. The Scramble for Africa Africa Before European Dominion Africa Before European Dominion Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Africans controlled their own trade networks Africans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African coasts Europeans only had contact on African coasts

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Nations compete for overseas empires Nations compete for overseas empires Europeans wanted more land Europeans wanted more land Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Africa was a mystery to many Africa was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages” Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Forces Driving Imperialism Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiority Belief in European superiority Racism Racism Social Darwinism Social Darwinism Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority European technological superiority Europeans had means to control Europeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseases New medicines prevent diseases

The Berlin Conference (1884) The Berlin Conference (1884) Europeans leaders divide Africa Europeans leaders divide Africa No African ruler invited No African ruler invited Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups By 1914 – Only independent nations By 1914 – Only independent nations Liberia Liberia Ethiopia Ethiopia

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South Africa Three Groups Clash for Power Three Groups Clash for Power Africans Africans Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Boers Boers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Also known as Afrikaners Also known as Afrikaners British British Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

Boer War Fought between the Boers and the British Fought between the Boers and the British Many Africans fought with the Boers Many Africans fought with the Boers First example of “total war” First example of “total war” British win in 1910 British win in 1910 Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule) Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

African Resistance Africans Confront Imperialism Africans Confront Imperialism Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements Unsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 years Algeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths Successful Movements Successful Movements Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each other Plays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weapons Stockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independent Defeats Italy and remains independent

Legacy of Imperialism Negative Effects Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence Africans lose land and independence Many lives are lost Many lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdown Traditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Positive Effects Reduces local fighting Reduces local fighting Sanitation improves Sanitation improves Hospitals and schools created Hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth Technology brings economic growth

III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566 Death of Suleyman I Death of Suleyman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Russia seeks Ottoman land Russia seeks Ottoman land Access to a warm-water port Access to a warm-water port Russia loses war Russia loses war Ottomans are shown to be weak Ottomans are shown to be weak Russia still is able to take land Russia still is able to take land

Europeans Grab Territory England gains control of: England gains control of: India – natural resources India – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobacco Persia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of: Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil

The Suez Canal

IV. British Imperialism in India British Expand Control over India British Expand Control over India In the 1700s, the British East India Trading Company defeated the Mughals for control of India In the 1700s, the British East India Trading Company defeated the Mughals for control of India Controls India thru economic imperialism Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony India was seen as the most important colony Due to its production of raw materials Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown” Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

Effects of British Rule Impact of Colonialism Impact of Colonialism Directions: For each of the results on your notes, put a + sign if the result is a positive effect or a – sign if the result is a negative effect or a – sign if the result is a negative effect

Effects of Imperialism Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and causes famine Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and causes famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Old customs and traditions were destroyed Old customs and traditions were destroyed Britain sought to “modernize” India Britain sought to “modernize” India 1 st railway built in st railway built in 1853

Effects of Imperialism Government was unified throughout India Government was unified throughout India Educational opportunities increased as British schools and colleges were opened Educational opportunities increased as British schools and colleges were opened India’s cottage industries were hurt due to competition w/ Britain’s manufactured goods India’s cottage industries were hurt due to competition w/ Britain’s manufactured goods Built hospitals and introduced new medicine Built hospitals and introduced new medicine

Effects of Imperialism Population exploded without a similar increase in the # of jobs (resulting in high unemployment) Population exploded without a similar increase in the # of jobs (resulting in high unemployment) Indians were exploited as inexpensive workers in British factories Indians were exploited as inexpensive workers in British factories Indians seen, and are still seen, as inferior to the British Indians seen, and are still seen, as inferior to the British English language introduced English language introduced

The Sepoy Rebellion Indians Rebel Indians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by Muslims Considered unclean by Muslims Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellion British put down the rebellion Results Results Britain takes direct control of India Britain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and British Increased distrust between Indians and British

Nationalism in India Call for reforms Call for reforms India adopts modernization movements India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Religious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Called for independence from Britain Called for independence from Britain Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore Britain – Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Independent - Siam (present day Thailand) Independent - Siam (present day Thailand) Britain and France agreed to let Thailand stay uncolonized as a buffer between their possessions in Southeast Asia Britain and France agreed to let Thailand stay uncolonized as a buffer between their possessions in Southeast Asia United States – Philippines and Hawaii United States – Philippines and Hawaii

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Why? Why? Land (mainly islands) perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land (mainly islands) perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture Excellent for plantation agriculture RubberTea TimberPineapples SpicesSugar SpicesSugar CoffeeTin

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Colonial Economies Colonial Economies Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials Native people worked as wager laborers on plantations owned by foreign investors. Wages were kept at poverty level and conditions were horrible Native people worked as wager laborers on plantations owned by foreign investors. Wages were kept at poverty level and conditions were horrible

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Resistance to Colonial Rule Resistance to Colonial Rule at 1 st – came from ruling classes (leaders) at 1 st – came from ruling classes (leaders) Peasant revolts that were quickly put down Peasant revolts that were quickly put down Early 1900s, resistance came from a new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages Early 1900s, resistance came from a new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence. In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence.

England’s Empire Grows

V. Imperialism in China and Japan China vs. The West China vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of trade China kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Europeans were able to shift the balance Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West ends Chinese power over the West ends

China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows Foreign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of Influence Growing Spheres of Influence A Surge in Chinese Nationalism A Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign priviledge Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign priviledge Beginnings of Reform Beginnings of Reform China tried to become more western China tried to become more western Further added to internal problems Further added to internal problems

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gained Russian territory Japan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of Korea Russia forced out of Korea Japan Controls Korea Japan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression Begins a period of extreme oppression

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