John F. Kennedy 1961-1963.

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Presentation transcript:

John F. Kennedy 1961-1963

The Election of 1960

Kennedy’s Advantages Debate Performance: Kennedy looked more calm and collected than Nixon. Kennedy was younger and more handsome.

Kennedy’s Disadvantages Kennedy was Catholic: Catholics were still discriminated against by millions of Americans, especially in the South. Kennedy was a very inexperienced senator from Massachusetts.

The Election of 1960 The election of 1960 was the closest since 1884; Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by fewer than 119,000 votes.

Did You Know? • He was a decorated naval officer in World War II. • He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book, "Profiles in Courage." • He served exactly 1,000 days in office. • He was the first president born in the 20th century and the youngest president ever elected. He is the only Roman Catholic president He could read 1600 words a minute.

Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Kennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. His youth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address: “Let the word go forth… That the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans… The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it…And so, my fellow Americans-ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.”

Kennedy’s Inaugural Address “So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.”

The Camelot Years With JFK’s youthful glamour and his talented advisors, the Kennedy White House reminded many of a modern- day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur.

Cuba Goes Red

Crisis Over Cuba The first test of Kennedy’s foreign policy came in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro, openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

In 1959, Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba, causing thousands of Cubans to flee to the United States. Fidel Castro, 1950’s Fidel Castro, 2006

Bay of Pigs Invasion · The U.S. became worried as Cuba received increased amounts of aid from the Soviet Union. · In 1961, President John F. Kennedy approved of a plan to overthrow Castro’s government with the help of Cuban exiles.

The Bay of Pigs On the nights of April 17,1961, some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on the island’s southern coast at Baja de Cochinos, the Bay of Pigs. The CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. It didn’t! Cuban forces, backed by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft, easily repelled the exile invasion. Some of the exiles were killed, others imprisoned.

· The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in Southern Cuba where they were easily defeated by Cuban forces, strengthening Fidel Castro and embarrassing the United States. Fidel Castro, parading through the streets of Havana after his victory against Cuban expatriates in the Bay of Pigs invasion. (1961)

The Cuban Missile Crisis The Soviet Union began to build missile bases in Cuba, worrying Americans that we were vulnerable to attack.

Cuban Missile Crisis In October, 1962, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba-and some contained missiles ready to launch. They could reach U.S. cities in minutes.

· Pres. Kennedy announced that American warships would stop any Soviet ship carrying missiles.

On October 22, Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent further deliveries of Soviet weapons. He also demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles. Khrushchev promised to challenge the blockade, calling it “outright banditry.”

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis (1:09) "That Tuesday the first of thirteen days of decision unlike any other in the Kennedy years or, indeed, inasmuch as this was the first direct nuclear confrontation, unlike any other in the history of our planet." - Theodore Sorensen, aide to Pres. Kennedy

For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. In schools, children practiced air raid drills, a common occurrence during the Cold War. People who had built bomb shelters began stocking them with food and other provisions. Even the president called his family to the White House where they could be protected in the presidential nuclear shelter.

Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. “We’re eyeball to eyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” On October 28 Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in response to Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba.

"I found myself in the difficult position of having to decide on a course of action which would answer the American threat but which would also avoid war.  Any fool can start a war, and once he's done so, even the wisest of men are helpless to stop it-- especially if its a nuclear war.” - Nikita Khrushchev

Intervening in Latin America Many poor Latin Americans viewed communism as a solution to their problems. Therefore, the U.S. created several programs aimed at helping Latin America, and other third world nations.

Alliance for Progress – Latin American nations were urged to make urgent reforms in order to help the lives of their people in exchange for U.S. aid for schools, hospitals, farming, and sanitation services. Bogotá, Colombia (Dec. 17, 1961) "Here is inaugurated the first school of 22,000 to be constructed by the Colombian government within the Alliance for Progress with the assistance of the President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy."

Peace Corps – American volunteers work as teachers, engineers, and technical advisers in developing nations for two years. This map shows in what countries the Peace Corps currently works in (orange) and what countries in which the Peace Corps is currently inactive (purple).

Organization of American States – the U. S Organization of American States – the U.S. promoted economic progress in the Americas by investing in transportation and industry. Cuba is the only nation in the Americas that is not a member of the OAS.

Kennedy and Berlin One of the high points of Kennedy’s foreign travels was a trip he made to Berlin in 1963 to dramatize America’s commitment to West Berlin and West Germany. In a speech at the Berlin Wall, Kennedy electrified an audience of about 150,000 Germans by stating , “Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner), thus declaring the solidarity of all free people with the people of West Berlin.

The New Frontier President Kennedy’s legislative program to provide medical care for the elderly…. To rebuild blighted urban areas….

To aid education…. To bolster the national defense….

To increase international aid…. To expand the space program.

To provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. And to promote civil rights.

Tragedy in Dallas In the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. On November 22, 1963, President and Mrs. Kennedy went to Texas to mend political fences with members of the state’s Democratic Party.

Crowds lined the streets of Dallas to greet the President. In front of them sat Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.

As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State Book Depository, rifle shots rang out.

Kennedy was shot in the head. His car raced to a nearby hospital, where doctors frantically tried to revive him, but it was too late. President dead.

In 1963, the Warren Commission investigated and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.

On Sunday, Nov. 24, as millions watched live television coverage of Oswald being transferred between jails, a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot and killed Oswald.

Conspiracy Theories

Kennedy’s Legacy