The Great War Chapter 19 Section 3 and 4

Trench Warfare an area b/w France, Germany & Belgium where most of the war occurred The Western Front – an area b/w France, Germany & Belgium where most of the war occurred – –Troops dug a network of trenches – –The space b/w the opposing trenches was known as “no man’s land”

German soldiers attacking

“No Man’s Land”

German solider hurls a grenade

Trenches

German Rat Hunt in the Trenches

British kid cleaning the trenches

Young soldier who died in the trenches

German Sharp Shooter

German troops inspect a conquered French trench on a farm. German troops inspect a conquered French trench on a farm.

German Soldiers Resting in a Trench

Trench Fighting Near Verdun, France

New Technology Machine gun 1915 – the Germans first used poison gas – –Caused vomiting, blindness, suffocation – –Gas masks b/c a necessary part of a soldier’s equipment 1916 – the British introduced the tank into battle – –The first tanks were very slow, mechanically unreliable, and fairly easy to destroy

Germans Use Poison Gas 1915

Belgian Soldier Who Died A Victim of Gas Attack

British Soldiers Wearing Gas Masks

An overturned 155mm German Howitzer

The tank in the background is an A7V built by Daimler. The tank in the background is an A7V built by Daimler. There were only twenty of these used in combat. There were only twenty of these used in combat. Germans soldiers are using flame throwers. Germans soldiers are using flame throwers.

American tractor pulling one of the big guns to the frontline in France 1918

American tanks headed for the Argonne in France

New Technology Airplanes – WWI was the first war that planes were used – –At first they were mainly used to observe enemy activities – –Then both sides starting using them to drop bombs – –They also attached machine guns to aircraft and engaged in air battles called dogfights

Americans and Victory Doughboys Doughboys –Nickname for American soldiers –Largely inexperienced, but they boosted morale of the Allied forces Convoy – ships gather into groups Convoy – ships gather into groups –Greatly reduced shipping losses –Ensured American troops arrived safely in Europe

American Soldiers Visit A French Cafe

American Base Hospital in France

World War I Triage Station

15% of Germany’s army was made up of kids in high school.

Too Young to Die?

Canadian Soldier Eating Blackberries Gathered in the Bourlon Wood in France 1918

French soldier shot as a spy

Rookie Robinson from Atlanta, Georgia served in the Navy. Rookie Robinson from Atlanta, Georgia served in the Navy.

German soldiers German soldiers The soldier on the right is Adolf Hitler. The soldier on the right is Adolf Hitler.

Unfinished Cemetery

U.S. Colored Troops of 92 nd Division Marching to the Front in the Argonne Wood in France

Young Disabled Soldiers at a London Hospital

Young German soldier stiffened by death

German soldiers help a wounded British P.O.W.

Russia Gets Out 1917 – riots break out in Russia – –Over how the govt. was handling the war and scarcity of food and fuel March 15, 1917 – Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne – –By November Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks established a Communist govt. in Russia – –They pulled Russia out of the war

The War Ends At the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month in 1918 the fighting stopped At the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month in 1918 the fighting stopped –Germany signed an armistice  Armistice – cease fire that ended the war

War Devastation

Celebrating Armistice in front of the Opera House in Paris

Celebrating in Paris

Victory Parade in Atlanta, Georgia (1918)

Armistice Railway Car at Compiegne

The war lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 days. The war lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 days. The total of direct war costs of all participating was about $186 billion. The total of direct war costs of all participating was about $186 billion. Casualties in the land forces amounted to more than 37 million in addition to 10 million civilian deaths. Casualties in the land forces amounted to more than 37 million in addition to 10 million civilian deaths. Total loss of men for the Allies was approx. 22, 089, 709. Total loss of men for the Allies was approx. 22, 089, 709. Total loss of men for the Central Powers was approx, 37, 494, 186. Total loss of men for the Central Powers was approx, 37, 494, 186. There were no real victors. There were no real victors. WAR IS NEVER GLORIOUS! WAR IS NEVER GLORIOUS!

Wilson’s 14 Points The 14 points were… The 14 points were… –A blueprint for lasting peace in Europe –Called for the League of Nations to be created The other Allied leaders did not agree w/ Wilson’s 14 points – –They thought it was too lenient toward Germany

Treaty of Versailles Signed by Germany June 28, 1919 It was a harsh treaty for Germany b/c it… – –Stripped them of their armed forces – –Forced them to pay $33 Billion to the Allies for war damages – –Forced them to acknowledge guilt for the outbreak of WWI and the devastation caused by the war

Rejection of the Treaty Wilson did not like the harsh treaty, but he agreed b/c it included the creation of the League of Nations Congress refused to ratify the treaty – –They did not want to be entangled in foreign affairs The League of Nations happened w/o the participation of the US – –It did not last

Economic Turmoil at Home Govt. agencies removed their control of the American economy Govt. agencies removed their control of the American economy –Released pent-up demand in economy –People raced to buy goods that had been rationed during the war –Businesses raised prices they had been forced to keep low    RAPID INFLATION!!! Inflation increased the cost of living Inflation increased the cost of living

Inflation Leads to Strikes Workers want higher wages to keep up with inflation Workers want higher wages to keep up with inflation Employers wanted to hold down wages b/c inflation was also driving up their operating costs Employers wanted to hold down wages b/c inflation was also driving up their operating costs Unions had been built up during the war and employers wanted to crush the unions Unions had been built up during the war and employers wanted to crush the unions All this led to an enormous wave of strikes All this led to an enormous wave of strikes

The Boston Police Strike of % of the police force walked off the job 75% of the police force walked off the job Riots and looting erupted in the city Riots and looting erupted in the city Calvin Coolidge – governor of Massachusetts sent the national guard into Boston Calvin Coolidge – governor of Massachusetts sent the national guard into Boston The strikers tried to return to work and the police commissioner refused to accept them The strikers tried to return to work and the police commissioner refused to accept them –He fired them and hired a new police force Coolidge supported the police commissioner Coolidge supported the police commissioner

The Red Scare Fear that Communists were conspiring to start a revolution in the US Fear that Communists were conspiring to start a revolution in the US Red Scare – fear that Communists (reds) might seize power – nationwide panic Red Scare – fear that Communists (reds) might seize power – nationwide panic General Intelligence Division (later b/c the FBI) General Intelligence Division (later b/c the FBI) –Created by A. Mitchell Palmer (US Attorney General) –Headed by J. Edgar Hoover