ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Basic Chemistry

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter  Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Ex: you, a table, air, plants, cup of water  Elements: Fundamental units of matter  96% of the body is made from four elements  Carbon (C)  Oxygen (O)  Hydrogen (H)  Nitrogen (N)  Atoms: Building blocks of elements  Elemental Oxygen has the same atoms

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic Structure  Nucleus  Protons (p + )  Neutrons (n 0 )  Outside of nucleus  Electrons (e - ) Figure 2.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds  Molecule – two or more atoms combined chemically. 0 2, CO 2, H 2 O  Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically  Ex: CO 2, H 2 O, CO

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds  Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another Ex: Na gives one of its electrons to Cl creating an ionic bond

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds  Covalent Bonds: atoms SHARE electrons Figure 2.6c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Synthesis reaction (A+B  AB)  Atoms or molecules combine  Energy is absorbed for bond formation  Decomposition reaction (AB  A+B)  Molecule is broken down  Chemical energy is released

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.9a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.9c Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Exchange reaction (AB  AC+B)  Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions  Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain CARBON  Includes Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and ATP  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Example: H 2 O (water)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds INORGANIC  Water: Most abundant inorganic compounds  Acts as a solvent, supports chemical reactions, cushions  Salts: easily dissociate into ions in water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds INORGANIC  Acids: release H+ (hydrogen ions) in water  Ex: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in stomach  Bases: release OH- (hydroxide ions) in water  Ex: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in cleaners  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral: Water  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers: chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates: ORGANIC  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Monosaccharides – simple sugars  Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids: ORGANIC  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Insoluble in water  Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes  Steroids  cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, hormones

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.14a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins: ORGANIC  Made of amino acids  Makeup half the body’s organic matter  Provides materials for body tissues  Plays a vital role in cell function  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts - increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.17

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids: ORGANIC  Provide blueprint of life  Make DNA and RNA  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.18c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels