Forces that Change Earth’s Surface I-Interacting Earth Systems: A- A-Three spheres of the earth: 1- Lithosphere = rock or land 2- Hydrosphere = 2- Hydrosphere = water 3- Atmosphere = 3- Atmosphere = gases

4- The exchange of energy between the three spheres cause changes in the Earth’s surface. B- External Forces: wear the land down to sea level. 1- Weathering breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. a- a- ice, rain, and gases.

Types of Weathering: 2- Types of Weathering: a- Physical weathering: ~Frost Action: repeated freezing and melting {Glaciers}

Water seeps into cracks and expands when it freezes breaking rock apart

~Root-pry: ~Root-pry: roots grow between cracks and grow causing rocks to break apart.

~Gravity: ~Gravity: pulls loosen rocks & soil down. {Landslide} ~Abrasion: ~Abrasion: wind & water carry solid particles that sand down rock.

b- Chemical weathering: b- Chemical weathering: changes occur in the mineral composition or chemical makeup of rock. Water ~Water: dissolves soluble rock Oxidation ~Oxidation: Oxygen combines with another substance to form a new material.

~Carbonation carbonicacid ~Carbonation: A weak acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water called carbonic acid which dissolves rock.

~Sulfuric acidAcidRain ~Sulfuric acid: Acid Rain When sulfurous gases combines with water. Wears away rock and other materials very quickly.

Mountains a- Mountains produced mainly by folding and faulting. Folding ~Folding takes place when the crust presses rock causing it to bend.

C- Internal Forces: C- Internal Forces: Forces that produce mountains, earthquakes, & volcanoes Mountains, Plains, & Plateaus

Faulting fault stress in crust. ~Faulting occurs when forces in the crust squeezes or pull causing it to crack or break along a fault = stress in crust.

Mountains volcanoes ~Mountains can also be formed by volcanoes: Lava pours out cools pours out cools forming layers of igneous rock.

b- Plains: are broad, flat regions found at low elevation. Made of sedimentary rock layers underwater that have slowly raised.

c- Plateaus: Large area of flat- topped rocks, caused by faulting or lava flows.

D- Earthquakes: D- Earthquakes: Sudden movements of rocks sliding along faults in the crust. Earthquakes cause strong vibrations that travel through the Earth.

1- Three Types of Waves: a- Primary waves (P-waves) can travel through liquids and solids. b- Secondary waves (S-waves) travel only through solids. c- Longitudinal waves (L-waves) surface waves.

E- Structure of Earth: 1- Crust: Outer layer of Earth. Composed of solid rock material about 8-32 km thick. a- Moho: between the crust and Mantle

2- Mantle: Below the crust about 2900 km thick consisting of iron and magnesium. 3- Outer Core: Below the mantle about 2300 km thick liquid. {S-waves cannot go through it} 4- Inner Core: Solid material about 1200 km {P-waves travel faster through it}

F- Continental Drift: was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, based on the continents fitting together like a puzzle known as Pangea {pan-jee-uh}

1-Wegener also based his theory of fossils, rocks, mountains, and glacial features found on both sides of the Atlantic.

G- Seafloor Spreading Oceanographers discovered an underwater mountain ridge running north-south down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Along the ridge, there was volcanic activity. This building of new rock which moves east and west supports Wegener theory.

H- The Theory of Plate Tectonics H- The Theory of Plate Tectonics is the combination of continental drift and ocean floor spreading According to the theory the Earth’s crust is broken up into large plates that move an interact Scientist believe the plates move due to the heat is the mantle circulating.

Mapping the world

A-Latitude- A-Latitude- The Earth is a sphere if you cut it horizontally or vertically into circles. 1.The 1.The distance between the North Pole and the equator is If 2.If a circle is drawn around the Earth at each degree this is equal to a line of latitude latitude.

3. Equator = latitude. 4. Lines of latitude run west to east and are measured in degrees north-south.

B-Longitude: B-Longitude: Lines run north- south and are measured in degrees west-east longitude longitude = the Prime Meridian Meridian. Greenwich England.