Homework Quiz Question 1 The neurotransmitter released from neuron A and B together causes the postsynaptic membrane of nerve D to become more permeable to sodium. However, the neurotransmitter released from nerve C causes the postsynaptic membrane of nerve D to become less permeable to sodium but more permeable to potassium. Why does the stimulation of neuron A and B together produce an action potential in neuron D, but the stimulation of neuron A and C together fails to produce an action potential?
Answer 1 Neuron A and B are excitatory neurons causing a depolarization of neuron D, making it easier to reach threshold level. Neuron C is an inhibitory neuron causing hyperpolarization of the resting membrane D, making it more difficult to achieve threshold level. A + C
Question 2 Three different nerve synapse on a single neuron, as shown above. Neuron D innervates muscle. The experimental data is shown below. Neuron Stimulated Effect on Muscle A Contraction A and B No contraction A and C C B and C From this data, indicate which neuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Answer: Neuron B
Nerves that carry information between organs and CNS Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Sympathatic Parasympathetic Somatic Nerves Sensory Nerves Motor Nerves Central Nervous System Nerves that carry information between organs and CNS Brain and spinal cord involuntary voluntary Fight or flight Rest and digest Info from environment sent to CNS Info sent from CNS to effector cells
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Brain coordinating centre of the nervous system Spinal cord Carries sensory nerve messages from receptors to the brain Relays motor nerve messages from the brain to muscles, organs and glands (Sensory Neuron) (Motor Neuron)
Blood-Brain Barrier Meninges Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord Determines which chemicals may enter the brain Provides shock absorption
Blood Brain Barrier nutrients are not brought to brain by the blood. nutrients transported by the cerebrospinal fluid Between the pia and arachnoid mater Middle of the spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid
Meningitis inflammation of the meninges viruses bacteria antibodies do not reach the brain requires prompt medical treatment
Parts of the Brain
Three Sections of the Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hind brain
The Brain forebrain midbrain hindbrain
Forebrain olfactory lobes – receive information about smell cerebrum – coordination of senses and voluntary motor actions largest and most highly developed in humans further split into four lobes cerebral cortex – cerebrum surface Grey matter Has many folds that increase surface area
What is intelligence? What is I.Q.? What does it measure? History of biometrics / IQ testing
The Brain forebrain
The Brain
Activity of Brain - fMRI Figure 48.1
Frontal Lobe controls voluntary muscle movement responsible for reasoning modulates emotions based on socially acceptable norms Phineas Gage story – pg. 432
The Brain
Temporal Lobe processes vision and hearing amygdala – processes memory and emotions hippocampus – long-term memory
The Brain
Parietal Lobe processes touch and temperature visuospatial analysis examines numbers and processes ratios Visuospatial Tests
Visuospatial Tests What is the missing number in the following sequence? 13 7 18 10 5 ? 9 1 12 6
Visuospatial Tests Of the groups of images, which does not belong?
Visuospatial Tests Count the number of triangles or squares.
Visuospatial Tests The geometric figure below can be divided with one straight line into two parts that will fit together to make a perfect square. The dividing line must connect which 2 points?
Visuospatial Tests The design on the left is made up of three paper squares of different sizes, one on top of the other. Assuming the squares are opaque and cannot be folded or otherwise altered, what is the minimum number of squares needed to create the design on the right?
Visuospatial Tests Fold the top image into a 3-D cube. Which of the bottom images represents the correctly folded object?
The Brain
Occipital Lobe responsible for primary visual information processing coordinates information gathered from the retina
The Brain midbrain
Midbrain thalamus – relays information between various parts of cerebrum (brain surface) hypothalamus – homeostatic regulation pituitary – homeostatic regulation
Midbrain Regions
The Brain hindbrain
Hind Brain cerebellum – regulates limb movement, balance and muscle tone finer muscle movements involve signals along more nerves medulla oblongata – controls involuntary muscles e.g. Breathing, diameter of blood vessels and heart rate pons – bridges information between cerebellum and medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata & Pons
Brain Hemispheres Right vs. Left Brain Information stored in one side of the brain is not necessarily present in the other right brain visual patterns & spatial awareness left brain verbal skills & logic corpus callosum – nerve bundle allows communication between hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Somatic nerves Carries signals to skeletal muscles Voluntary –conscious control Autonomic nerves Regulates the internal environment Involuntary – without conscious control E.g. heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Autonomic Nervous System sympathetic nervous system – prepares body for stress affected by epinephrine / norepinephrine parasympathetic nervous system – restores body to normal balance affected by acetylcholine
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
Classwork/Homework Section 9.3 – Pg. 434 #1,3,4,6,7